Marketing Plan For A Market Analysis - 1405 Words

Organic’s Marketing Plan # 1 Patrick Conesa 13 Sept 2014 Table of Contents Situation Analysis Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Market Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Competition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Product (Service)Offering†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Keys to Success†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Critical Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Situation Analysis This draft is intended to provide an overview and a quick summary of a market analysis for an all organic dine in and drive through restaurant located in a population metro area. The following categories will be included.†¦show more content†¦Generally, if people can afford fast food, they can afford to eat here. Surveys done in the area suggest that potential consumers want healthy food alternatives, but have no other option than to pay inflated supermarket prices and to make their meals at home. This practice is time consuming and tedious. People want to sustain a healthy lifestyle and food is a huge part of that lifestyle. We don’t merely offer a service, but help people make lifestyle changes. Our food prices are on par with local restaurants and having a business partnership with locally owned farms will help keep costs down. S.W.O.T Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats are an analysis used to demonstrate the factors and its relevant areas regarding the business. The forces show the effect of the environmental factors for my restaurant. Strengths: †¢ Provides jobs in the area †¢ Is eco-friendly †¢ Small business in a large area †¢ Most ingredients are made locally †¢ Works with community to create jobs Weaknesses: †¢ Organic food is seasonal †¢ Hydroponics is expensive †¢ Little cash flow in the beginning †¢ Undetermined revenue each month †¢ Employees are new and inexperienced Opportunities: †¢ Support Local farming †¢ Tourists in the warmer seasons †¢ Online websites †¢ Start internships for local schools †¢ Gives back to community Threats: †¢ New competitors †¢ Drive through has limited items Competition Competition is tough and

Challenges Essay Free Essays

Challenges When I was 12 years old, I started my second language training in English at a cram school. I was the oldest one in the class which was very embarrassing. At the beginning, it seemed easy. We will write a custom essay sample on Challenges Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now As I progressed to a higher level things became harder and more confusing. My English teacher at junior high school was awesome and was the one who made me start to love the language. Because of her communication skills, excellent teaching ability and passion it made me desperately want to get more involved in learning English. It became my favorite subject. For me, grammar, communicating with people and writing essays are my challenges in learning English. With the most challenging part about developing my English skills was learning the grammar. In English, one word can have several meanings and/or different pronunciations which make it more difficult to understand and learn. For example, the word â€Å"record† has several meanings, including to set in writing or an actual hard copy of music. Everyone has their own unique accent which makes it difficult to understand. For instance, some people with Middle Eastern accents may pronounce certain words differently to their traditional English pronunciation. One major thing that was different from my native language, Mandarin Chinese, is the order of sentences and the way I write them. When I had a conversation with someone I would think in my native language, then translate into English, and then rearrange the words to make it sound correct. When I was seven years old I started to play tennis. Later I traveled from country to country to play tournaments and I had to speak English in order to communicate with people. If I was playing doubles I would need to communicate with my partner so we were playing correctly. I could not be successful just because of my ability; I had to know English because it is the worst thing in tennis to not be able to communicate. Learning English is very important for me because of this. In professional tennis, English is the only language that is used during matches, so I want to study abroad and to get an education in English. Writing a formal essay is a very challenging endeavor, the strategies that I used were comma slices, syntax differentiation and grammar and punctuations. For example, read more English books, magazines, and newspapers to improve my vocabulary skills and comprehension. Since the order of sentences is different from my native language. The tenses, grammar, punctuations and the order of the essay are very easy to make mistakes on. Making the sentences too wordy is the biggest problem for me. As I said, the more practice I do, the more likely I will have a better essay. Some people have better learning skills than others allowing them to catch up more easily than I do but I continue to work every day to improve my writing skills. A large portion of an essay includes vocabulary and its proper use. This is the weakest part for most international students and has been challenging for me, so I carry my electronic dictionary everywhere and it has helped me to write this paper. In the end, it is important for me to learn English for many reasons. Even though it is difficult learning English gives many benefits and opens opportunities for my future. The more practice I have, the less afraid to make mistakes I become and it ultimately will help me to learn new things. English is an international language used to communicate all over the world. Learning to speak other languages, especially English, helps when I apply for a job. It helps my resume allowing me to have a better chance to be hired. My strategies to learn English were and still are to force myself to speak to native English speakers. Talking to native speakers helps me tremendously and it made me start thinking in English when I talked to someone instead of Chinese and then translating in my head. This made my speech better and my responses much quicker. The more I talk, the more I can learn. Learning for me is getting involved with it, not just reading a textbook; we should try to use it in everyday life. I would say you use it or you lose it. How to cite Challenges Essay, Essay examples

Communication Method Of Aboriginal People †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Method Of Aboriginal People. Answer: The scenario 1 as provided consists of providing an informative session to a group of Aboriginal people. It is required to understand the proper method of communication which is inter-cultural in nature in order to prepare the required session. The language barrier also needs to be overcome, in order to clearly put across the meaning of the topic to the aboriginal people. The aim of the conducted session in this particular scenario is to make the topic of the session clearly understandable to the correct people. The main challenge is to overcome the language barrier as also make the objectives of the topic clearly understandable to the people. Audience Analysis: In this particular scenario, the audience under consideration is the aboriginal people. The selected group of people being aboriginals belong to the primitive segments of the society and the nature, characteristics and the understanding of the people are bound to be vastly different from the people who conduct the session. The major impediment to the proper conduct of the session is the language and behavioural pattern of the aboriginals. It needs to be understood that is will not be easy for the aboriginals to understand the language of the so called civilized society. In order to make their statements clearly understood the session conductors need to handle their audiences carefully. The easy as well as the complex directions and facts should be carefully put forward to the aboriginals. It is to be kept in mind that the effectiveness of the communication will depend on the effective analysis of the needs and requirements of the aboriginals (McCarthy et al., 2013). Communication Goals: In this particular scenario, the communication goals basically involve the aim of effectively putting across the statements and the understanding relating to the wills and estate planning to the aboriginal people. The major goal in this case is to be understood. The short term goal is to make the language of communication understandable. The long term goal is to make the topic of the wills and estate planning understandable to the aboriginals. In order to make the methods effective, the selection of the methods of communication is crucial. It should be ensured during the conduction of this session that there are no gaps in the communication for which the aboriginals lose interest in the topic (Adler, Rodman DuPr, 2016). This might happen if valuable information is not provided to them and the planning process is not clearly explained. It can clearly be said that the procedure of creating a will as well as understanding the necessary criteria for it are crucial to be understood befor e the principles are applied to them. Unless the need for creating a will or estate planning is clear to the aboriginals they might not understand its utility and may refrain from doing it as well (McCarthy et al., 2013). Communication Process: The method should be simple, in lucid language and easy to grasp for the aboriginals. Simple and easy examples to understand the concept of wills and estate planning need to be incorporated. It also needs to be kept in mind that the people are of primitive origin and not well exposed to different concepts of planning, thereby making it difficult for the session conductors to explain it to them. Therefore proper focus should be given on the method of transmission of the thoughts and the ideas. Proper use of language should be implemented in order to make the topic as clear to the aboriginals as possible (Wang, 2014). It should also be kept in mind that certain terms or connotations which might be mentioned in the process of explanation should also be explained in clear language and their meanings explained. The uses and importance of creating a will and making it useful to oneself should be suggested so that the aboriginal people actually benefit from the session and implement the str ategies learnt thereby making the session a success (Leathers Eaves, 2015). Timing: The timing of doing things should be clearly explained, the importance of punctuality mentioned and the benefits suggested. The concept of correct timing can only be taught by proper example. Therefore the people need to be aware of the benefits of being punctual and taking decisions on time in each and every situation. The proper use of time and punctuality should therefore be highlighted. The scenario 3 as provided consists of analysing the probable ways in which a method of non-verbal communication needs to be utilised to understand the information desired about the organisation and the job requisites. It also aims to explore the ways in which an expectant candidate can become a successful one. This scenario analysis is based on utilizing the effective theories of non-verbal communication prevalent and aims to utilize them successfully for the ultimate benefit of the candidate. Audience Analysis: A job interview scenario involves the interviewers and the interviewee. In case of the audience analysis for a candidate appearing for a job interview the target audience to be analysed consists of the interviewers or people belonging to authoritative positions who either conduct the interview or are present at the time of the interview. It is to be noted that these group of people need to be properly are carefully studied by the candidate giving the interview in order to emerge successful and also to understand the needs of the employees. Audience analysis is extremely important in case of interview scenario analysis. It is expected that the attitude of the interviewers will be formal and direct. They are bound to ascertain the level of confidence of the candidate they are interviewing. They are bound to check if the candidate is confident or not. They can also study the inherent attitudinal patterns and responses to their asked questions. It is the duty of the candidate to fulfil these criteria by analysing in turn exactly what the interviewers want. In short it can be clearly said that in case of a job interview, the interviewers need candidates who are confident, well educated as per the job requirements, presentable and well fitted for the job. Communication Goals: There need to be certain well defined goals for communication. The best way to analyse what the interviewers actually want in case of the job interviews is through ways of non-verbal communication (Siegman, 2014). It is therefore necessary for the candidate to set certain short and long term goals for the existence in the company (Hybels, 2014). The short term goals can be clearly stated as being liked by the interviewers and considered for a position in the company despite the many existent competitors. It also needs to be understood that the short and long term goals are related (Burgoon, Guerrero Floyd, 2016). The long term goal is to secure a position in the company desired. Thus if a candidate performs well in the interview and if the short term goal of being liked by the interviewers is fulfilled then it is bound to lead to a secured position in the said organisation. For this reason, the candidate can use certain possible non-verbal communication methods to fulfil the goals of communication with the interviewers (Hybels, 2014). Communication process: There are several forms of communication, namely visual communication or kinesics, spatial communication or proxemics, time communication or chronemics, touch communication or haptics and finally sound communication or vocalics. The best form of non-verbal communication to understand the interviewers is that of visual communication. The visual communication methods comprise eye behaviour, facial expression, different gestures and also the overall personal appearance. In order to achieve proper amount of credibility it is desired that the candidate show high level of eye contact which is confident and unwavering. There should be a parity between whatever the candidate is saying and what the body language is showing. There should not be any insincerity in the smiles or facial expressions of the candidate. The method of speaking should exude confidence and there should not be any indication of fear, confusion or anxiety in the words or body language (Knapp, Hall Horgan, 2013). Another important criterion is that of proper dressing. The candidate needs to be pleasantly and well dressed. Lengthy pauses in conversation should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. There should be proper actions to corresponding match the behaviour of the interviewers. In order to receive the attention from the employers in a positive way, the candidate needs to be relaxed, attentive and exude a perfect balance of friendliness and cordiality in the speech. The posture of seating should be attentive, promoting positive friendliness including positive head movements and complete avoidance of any sort of fidgeting. Timing: The timing criteria should be kept in mind. The candidate should arrive positively within the said time period. Also there should not be any delay in answering the questions asked by the interviewers. In cases of confusion or dilemma also, the candidate should be prompt in stating the actual reason behind the same. References: Adler, R., Rodman, G. R., DuPr, A. (2016).Understanding human communication. Oxford University Press. Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., Floyd, K. (2016).Nonverbal communication. Routledge. Hybels, S. (2014).Communicating effectively. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Knapp, M. L., Hall, J. A., Horgan, T. G. (2013).Nonverbal communication in human interaction. Cengage Learning. Leathers, D. G., Eaves, M. (2015).Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Routledge. McCarthy, J., Cassidy, I., Graham, M. M., Tuohy, D. (2013). Conversations through barriers of language and interpretation.British journal of nursing,22(6), 335-339. Siegman, A. W. (2014).Nonverbal behavior and communication. Psychology Press. Wang, B. (2014). Breaking language barriers.Good Practice, (9), 10.

Women in the Workforce

Women studies were established to enlighten women about various issues that affect women due to the nature of their gender which is perceived to be weak. These studies were found necessary because some women were not aware of their rights and thus they were subjected to humiliation by the society hence they were denied equal opportunities with their male counterparts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in the Workforce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are organizations that assign duties to women and then under pay them while men are paid wages which are much higher for the same job. Women should use all means to ensure that they earn the same salaries with their team mates and thus they should check whether the difference is due to their gender. When women notice that they are being underpaid because of their gender they should arrange for an appointment with their employer so as to give the employer a room to explain his or her reasons. There are some administrators who think women are not as productive like men because they were born to take care of their children. Employers should give women equal opportunities just like men because they deserve them as long as they posses the relevant qualifications. Organizations should not undermine the abilities of women in achieving organizational goals because productivity in any organization does not depend on one’s gender but on the abilities and willingness to achieve desirable results. When women feel that their employer does not recognize their efforts they should consider boycotting their duties for some time to make employers realize their contributions. With this knowledge, it is important to include women in management positions and also buy their ideas in decision making process because they are also intelligent just like men. The major difference between women and men when performing duties is only that men are more masc uline than women and hence women can tire easily when doing manual jobs. The training offered at military training institutions has proved this perception to be wrong because while the recruits are being trained, they are given the same tasks and thus there is no separate training for each gender. The current shift from factory jobs to white collar jobs has seen many women join the workforce than ever before because a few decades ago, women were hindered from working since they were expected to take care of their children.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Vietnam war provided an opportunity for women in America to exercise their abilities but its certain that the then situation influenced employers to consider them because there were no men to work in their factories. All of them had been recruited into the army and were it not for the resulting scarcity of laborers, women wou ld have remained house wives. Since then women have realized that taking care of their children is impossible without a job. Thus, so many of them are pursuing higher education even when they are married with kids and their efforts have already started to bear fruits because more women are being accorded leadership duties both in governments and in organizations. In fact activists have been successful in their struggle for equality because most governments in developed and developing countries are reserving a considerable number of positions for women. In African countries, the society did not see the importance of educating the girl child because they viewed it as wastage of money. This is because as soon as she grew up she would be married off and would benefit the other family where she will get married. There are so many organizations that have been established to fight for the rights of women both at work places and homes. Gone are the days when women used to be beaten ruthless ly by their women because men thought by paying dowry they had been granted full ownership of the woman. Education has played a major role in enlightening women about their rights and most of them have realized they don’t need men anymore because they can meet their needs by themselves. This success that has been achieved by women is owed to their ambition and perseverance and men too should have the same ambitions. If you want to prove this statement to be right just visit any college during evening hours and you will notice the majority of students in those institutions are married women who come for evening classes after work because they want to advance their careers further. Some of these ladies are juniors at their workplaces but they are eager to climb the corporate ladder. Most men rarely advance their skills when they land their first jobs. Women have shifted their focus from marriage to their independence and that’s why so many are getting married at a later stage and some don’t get married but they don’t consider marriage to be that important because they want to have a say in their lives and thus they are taking high flying jobs such as chief executives and engineers among many others, which were previously taken by men. Men should therefore not look down upon women because time has proved women are also skilled just like men. This essay on Women in the Workforce was written and submitted by user Martha Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essays

Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essays Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essay Maximizing the Life Cycle Logistics Essay As a brief description of the subject in the study, the life cycle of logistics can also be maximized through establishing effective management organizing efforts to maintain a certain companys operational structure that will avoid or prevent errors and mismanagement that can take place within the corporation. In this case, the 360 degree logistics can be found when there will be a capital expenditure that will be reared out to fund materials and human resources that will be helping to manufacture product. As soon as the product will be made and distributed to the market, there will be an exchange of commodity as well as financial trade value. This process will undergo the procedural profit taking to collect the monetary amount of profits that has been sold to the market. The monetary value be distributed to the accounting department of a certain organization to fund services, raw materials, and salaries to employees that completes the life cycle of the business operating organization. Image is one of the most sensitive factors that should be taken cared In long-term basis for the reason that It can be used for the marketing plan that will promote the companys products to boost sales to the public as mentioned by Pointers (2008). Location is one of the most important considerations that will be considered for companies such as Panasonic because it is an electrical distributing company that aims to Identify potential target market to maintain their production capacity and market endurance in monopolizing output in specific period of time. The organizational structure of the company is also focused on establishing officers that will be destined to key manufacturing areas in all satellite areas around the world to maximize the production facilities and operation. In addition, manufacturing all kinds of electrical equipments and appliances utilizes the standards of manufacturing practice that are abided according to the laws and policies imposed in the market. Logistics minimization is one of the most effective management activities that will help to sustain transporting finished products that will be available anywhere around the world. These kinds of ways that can be made by using logistics will help to restructure and implement effective strategies that conform to the production and management capacity of the company to perform OFF Life-cycle cost analysis purpose is to determine the system, product, and process of the future total life cycle cost that includes design and development, production/ construction, system utilization, maintenance and support, and retirement and disposal, high cost contributors, cause and affect relationships, potential risk, and identification for improvement to reduce cost if possible (Blanchard, 2004). When this kind of analysis is conducted the person is looking at the entire life span of the product and how much it cost to sustain it through logistics and maintenance at first, because it is the most expensive part of the total life cycle cost. The supportability analysis helps developed the information to input into the life-cycle cost analysis, this enable the analysis to be initiated in the beginning of the design phase where it is most cost beneficial. The analysis is usually conducted as the design progress toward completion to gather vital assumptions and facts on the how the analysis findings an be applied through the acquisition process. Factors are broken down into the types of cost that makes up the overall total cost, such as acquisition cost, operating cost, and disposal cost. A complete life cycle cost also includes other costs such as financial and labor cost as well. The evaluation will usually start with initial cost of making a product by looking at element like capitol cost, which is needed to start and complete the project. Then there is operation, maintenance, and repair cost that factors in heavily to the life cycle cost analysis, that can be the largest percentage of the total cost. The number and timing of capital replacements of systems or products depend on the estimated life of the system, so replacement cost must be calculated in also. It is helpful for companies to use the same sources that provide cost estimates for initial investments to obtain estimates of replacement costs and expected useful lives (Blanchard, 2004). Without logistics planning, the company will not be able to identify potential resource markets that will be significant to boost their competitiveness as well as their productivity in creating better financial performances. Logistics is important for he reason that it helps the company to fulfill all kinds of goals and without this factor will affect the companys growth performance in a specific period for having a stagnant or negative flow of financial productivity. The absence of logistics planning halts the companys ability to produce quality products, which will result for having health threats for users and will not be safe to use in the market according to Barman (2011). The standards of production performance without logistics planning will fail to reach goal standards for producing quality products by having defects that an cause potential accidents for users that will be acquiring the product. Lucas are usually performed early in the design process when only estimates of costs and savings are available, rather than certain dollar amounts. Uncertainty in input values means that actual outcomes may differ from estimated outcomes. It has been proven that LOCAL provides a significantly better assessment of the long-term cost- effectiveness of a project than alternative economic methods that focus only on first costs or on operating-related costs in the short run The effects of the current economy have made the business and logistics world hang the way products are secured, transported, and financed. The global economy is slowly rebounding from the World Financial Crisis of 2008, where major unemployment record rose to an all-time high. There are major factors that contributed to the new challenge that transportation and logistics managers currently faced; most of the challenges are a result of the current Global Financial Crisis the world. There was a large reduction in capital investment for business shortly after the downturn of the world markets due to the decline in financial credit availability from banks; causing businesses to lose profits. In early March 2009, the number of massive container ships sitting idle globally was estimated at an all-time high of 453 vessels, but the global transportation sector rebounded sharply in 2010. The declining economy had a detrimental affect within transportation and logistics management; that created transportation and logistical management challenges for companies to get financial backing for procurement of supplies and services (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). Over the last four years, economists have been in an uproar over the flow of exports and imports have slowed in the lobar trade market that has caused delays within the supply chain. The crisis in the economy has also caused high cost in fossil fuels, geographical fragmentation in production processes, along with the creation of wide-spread macroeconomic risk facing domestic and global economies. The uneven recovery the economy continues to have major impact on freight transports flows that was facilitated by good and cheap transport, according to an International Transport Forum review (Barman, 2010). The Surface Transportation Board is continuously working on the challenges and lotions to intermediate transportation in regards to the aging of infrastructure, environmental issues, and congestion. In 2009, congestion was one of the biggest issues concerning the transportation sector of transportation and logistics management was congestion (TTS, 2009). The Surface Transportation Board reiterates the growing consensus of that petroleum based fuels have significant impacts on the environment, including greenhouse emissions and air pollutions. Congress started debating proposals that are approved today to reduce greenhouse emissions and have met plans to meet fuel economies standard by 2016 (TTS, 2009). Congress have been tasked to provide solution to fund improvement to the critically aging transportation infrastructure systems across the United States; with rising issues of gaining funding support on critical issue of infrastructure preservation. The Department of Homeland Security issues critical and mandatory regulations for the United States trading partners and the Transpiration Security Administration to ensure security of supply chains (TTS, 2011). The Coast Guards goal is to integrate maritime cyber security with the wider defense system that the U. S. Is building. Congress order to screen 100 percent of international inbound cargo; international efforts are more difficult since the agency has no authority to require foreign countries to screen cargo on passenger aircraft. Port Security have made efforts to protect US ports by mandating 100 percent cargo screening of all inbound containers, but TTS argues that even if containers are being screened, the basic act of putting aluminum foil around a nuclear weapon can negate that procedure (TTS, 2011). Businesses and the government had taken actions to implement a risk management approach but had not conducted comprehensive risk assessments for o help ensure that resources are allocated to the highest-priority risks. In the Global Logistics management article, posted by Jeff Barman, he stated that the potential for innovations for potential management of greenhouse gases emissions transports are foster by technology in order to improve fuel economy (Barman 2010). This seems like one solution to promote climate change policy in the transport sector, since some research insists that policy do affect logistics and transportation; as well as the economy. Refinancing global growth is more a matter for policy-makers, that would be creating the right macroeconomic conditionsfor instance by ensuring that credit is available, that exchange rates reflect economic realities and, in transport, by setting the rules of the games in such a way that we are getting the prices right (Barman, 2010). Perhaps the key to improving the supply chain management is to strictly enforce demand forecasting based off the climate of the economy and eliminating unnecessary costs to the total cost of a products cycle. This suggests that that converting back to basic fundamentals in supply chain management could consumer confidence in spending and improve the global trade arrest. As an implication, facility planning will involve to establish bidding procedure that are important in creating new products because this will determine the most effective product as well as choosing the product that has the highest quality rate that will be available in the market. Facility planning improvement matters because it helps to restructure all kinds of equipments that will be used for the production of new products that will be sold to the market. In this process, facilities are needed to be maintained and regularly checked by maintenance personnel to identify potential effective facilities that will be subjected to replacement to avoid finished products that are defective and not safe to use as claimed by Pointers (2008). The main benefit is saving cost, plus assessing whether a system can be operated and supported in an effective and efficient manner. All the costs associated with the development of the system become available at the beginning of the actual implementation of the project. This greatly assists the organization in deciding whether the project is to be developed or not from a costing perspective. It helps to analyze the business function interrelationships. By referencing the analysis report on expenditure, managers of a firm can predict accurate revenues at quite an early stage. This will give managers the data they need to weigh the total amount invested against the estimated return on investment before the product is fully produced. Allowing a look at all design alternatives that will provide the lowest cost to manufacturer without compromising the quality or functionality of the product.

African Americana Subject To Oppression And Discrimination History Essay

African Americana Subject To Oppression And Discrimination History Essay Historically, African Americans were subjects to severe oppression and discrimination from the part of white Americans, who hold the leading position in the American society and used their power to keep African Americans under their control. The historical development of African American community was accompanied by the permanent struggle of African Americans for civil rights and equal opportunities. At the same time, the development of the African American community led steadily to consistent changes in the attitude of Americans to African Americans because the latter attempted to gain equal rights and liberties compared to white Americans. On the other hand, such a struggle costs many African Americans life, whereas oppression and discrimination of African Americans persists till present days. Nevertheless, on analyzing the development of the African American community in the course of the US history, it is possible to trace consistent improvements that have occurred to the positi on of African Americans in the US since the Civil War to the present time. The Civil War targeted at the liberation of African Americans, who were enslaved by the dominant white Americans. However, the idealistic struggle of the Civil War did not bring a consistent improvement of the position of African Americans. Instead, African Americans had to spend over a hundred years in the permanent struggle for their rights and equal opportunities with the white population to partially realize ideals of the Civil War both white and African Americans had been fighting for during the war. In fact, the Civil War became the starting point when African Americans have started to change their position and their role in the American society but they had to pass a long road to gain equal rights and liberties, especially due to the Civil Rights movement of the 1960-s, and carry on the struggle for equal rights and opportunities even today, when some elements of racial discrimination persist. The rise of the social consciousness of African Americans as the community equal to whites and as the community that has its own rights and liberties which are equal to those other Americans have, had started prior to the Civil War, whereas the Civil War marked the attempt of African Americans and abolitionists to change consistently the position of African Americans in the US society. In fact, the abolition of slavery was one of the major driving forces of the Civil War and it was one of the primary causes of the war. In fact, after the end of the Civil War, African Americans were liberated, but the change of their social status did not bring a considerable relief for them because they still suffered from economic and political oppression. The period from 1865-1876 was probably the most dramatic period in the history of African Americans because it is during this time their dreams of the liberation and new life had reached the apogee and it was by the end of this period their dreams had be en totally ruined. At first glance, the progress in the position of African Americans was obvious. After the Civil War African Americans were freed, the 13th amendment of the US Constitution, ratified in 1865, outlawed slavery in the US, while the 14th amendment, ratified in 1868, granted full US citizenship to African Americans Moreover, in 1870, the 15th amendment extended the right to vote to black males (Franklin, 2001).

Background theory on BUCKLING and DFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Dissertation

Background theory on BUCKLING and DFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS - Dissertation Example These underwent no major changes in the next 100 years. In 1845, A.H.E Lamarle proposed the theory that Eulers formula could only be effectively utilised if the slenderness ratio was beyond a certain prescribed limit. In 1889 Considere further made an addendum in the form that Eulers formula could not be used for inelastic buckling since the actual section modulus available on the concave and concave sides of a bend beam were different. This lead to the formulation of the Reduced Modulus theory for buckling and which is still undergoing lot of revisions. (Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004) Theory Euler by a series of experiments observed that the buckling stress generated in an axially loaded column is directly proportional to the Youngs Modulus, the moment of inertia of the material and inversely proportional to the effective length of the member. In other words he represented the formula by a simple equation. Pcr=Ð » x E x I/ Le^2 Here Pcr represents the critical load, E the Y oungs Modulus which is an inherent property of the material, I the moment of inertia is function of the dimensional values in terms of breadth and height of the material. Le represents the effective length of the column. ... Another combination is that of the column fixed at the base and pinned on top. Calculating this from a series of differential equation with known end conditions would provide an effective length of 0.7L. Hence the Euler’s equation for all the above commonly loaded conditions can be represented as Pcr=Ð »^2 x E x I/ (K x L)^2 where K=2 for fixed-free column, K=1 for pinned end columns, K=1/2 for columns with fixed ends and K=0.7 for column fixed at base and pinned at top. (Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004) Source: Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004 The Euler’s formula is used to calculate the corresponding critical stress that is generated due to this critical load Pcr. Here ?cr= Pcr/ A where A is the area of cross section of the member which could further written as ?cr=Ð »^2 x E/(L/r)^2. Here L/r can be together noted as the slenderness ratio. L as denoted earlier is the length of the column while r=v I/A is called the radius of gyration of the member. (Gere James & Timoshenko Stephen, 2004) Using Eulers Theory in Calculations For the analysis of simple beams using Eulers formula, slenderness ratios of columns should not surpass 180. For other members that absorb compression forces the L/r ratio is limited to 200. (Welded Tanks for Oil Storage, 2008) For checking whether the column provided for a section is safe, the actual compressive stress is calculated using the simple formula ? actual=P/A whether P is the external load and A is the cross section of the member. The L/r ratio of the selected member is checked and limited to 180. Thereafter maximum allowable compressive stress generated is found out by using the above formula ? allowable=Ð »^2 x E/(L/r)^2 for columns. If the actual stress calculated is less than the maximum

World Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

World Literature - Essay Example The Kite Runner begins with the protagonist, Amir, telling us that the past cannot be forgotten. An instance has been haunting him for the past twenty-six years. As a twelve year old he witnesses Assef, a local bully and his friends, attack and rape Hassan at the annual kite fighting tournament. He stands watching helplessly, unable to rescue of his friend. He commits the ultimate sin of running away leaving Hassan at the mercy of the bullies. After this incident he is unable to face Hassan. Hassan’s presence in the house becomes a constant reminder of his guilt. He feels one of them has to leave the house if he has to forget the incident. Amir frames Hassan for theft and Hassan goes away. With the war striking Afghanistan, Amir and his father are forced to flee. They begin a new life in America. Amir chooses to settle in America as it "had no ghosts, no memories, and no sins" (Hosseini (2003), Kite Runner). Amir becomes an author and marries Soraya. However, his peaceful life is shattered when an old friend, Rahim Khan calls him. Rahim tells him that Hassans son, Sohrab is in Kabul living a life of poverty in an orphanage. He must go to Kabul to save him. This is when his past sins come back to haunt him. He is once again reminded of Hassan and "Those thorny old barbs of guilt bore into me once more, as if speaking his name had broken a spell, set them free to torment me anew" (The Kite Runner). As David Kipen (2003) says â€Å"he sees a chance to redeem himself from the secrets that have left him psychically stranded between Afghanistan and the United States. â€Å" This and Rahims words "There is a way to be good again" (The Kite Runner) become focal points for the rest of the book. According to Damini Raleigh (2007) â€Å"Sometimes we can just catch the ghosts of our past, capture them and undo our future of guilt. Sometimes redemption is just a step away. Sometimes it’s never too late to come back and sometimes there is a

The dissolution of empire has been critical to the growth of world cities Essay Example for Free

The dissolution of empire has been critical to the growth of world cities Essay King (1990, page x) argues that the dissolution of empire has been critical to the growth of world cities. How far does this apply to London? Modern patterns of development and growth have been shaped and influenced by the historical context of colonialism. Within this context relationships between capitalist and pre-capitalist states or colonies helped forge a world economy, which would later lead to processes of globalisation and the current economic world order. Expansion in the world economy has been exacerbated by the freer flow of labour, goods, services and capital, which are features of the post-war, post-colonial world. King contends that these factors have been critical to the growth of world cities. (King, 1990: x) Urbanisation in many post-colonial states has been rapid, supported by trade with a greater number of nations compared with that of the colonial period. Indeed, many colonial nations have now followed their own paths of industrialisation, instead of relying primarily on their export of natural resources such as timber; their economies are becoming more diverse and are now linked within a global network of trade and commerce that is enabling them to develop significantly. Existing at the heart of these states are primary cities, the administrative and economic centres for their new global roles. World cities can be defined by their size, population and area; they are usually the economic hub of the country in which they are seats of power and dominate in the cultural arena with their iconic architectural distinctiveness and the importance of their historical roles. World cities lie at the junction between the world economy and the territorial national state. (Friedmann and Wolff, 1982) The city of London fills these criteria perfectly, its former position as the centre of the British Empire made London the imperial metropolis of the world. H.G Wells described his impression of imperial London: Its a great place. Immense. The richest town in the world, the biggest port, the greatest manufacturing town, the imperial city the centre of civilisation, the heart of the world. (Wells H.G, 1908:73) In this essay I will be discussing the significance of Kings argument with reference to the city of London. Imperial London will be introduced followed by a discussion of Londons decline and its patterns of modern growth in order to ascertain how far Kings argument applies to the City. Different types of growth are included, but emphasis is largely placed on the geographical and economic dimensions of Londons change and development. Londons imperial role was crucial to the expansion of its fortunes. Growth was inextricably linked with the colonial empire and took place in several key areas during the colonial interlude. Londons Docklands represented a melting pot of colonial trade and commerce and were a critical facet of Londons (and Great Britains) economy that fed aspects of growth into the city centre and enabled it to thrive. In 1700 London handled 80% of the countrys imports and 69% of its exports. Trade with colonies in the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and the Indian Sub-Continent brought in tea, china, rice, tobacco and spices to the City and in 1799 the West India Company began to build docks on the Isle of Dogs for over 600 ships. The importance of Londons Docklands lies in their influential role as conduit of wealth to the City and their symbolic nature as gateways to the empire from its thriving commercial centre. Trade flourished, and London became a market-driven commercial and financial hub for world trade. Manufacturers established themselves in the city centre and markets developed around them supported by a growing number of banks. The city centre, therefore, was a series of markets and had few residential zones; warehouses formed a prominent part of the landscape. Imperial London also witnessed the growth of a market in stocks and shares located at the London Stock Exchange, and the establishment of large insurance companies such as Lloyds of London. Londons rising financial sector was represented by the Bank of England, which issued loans to new colonies whilst giving security to the blossoming economy of Great Britain. The Citys role as a cultural centre was represented by huge investment in museums and theatres and its dominant global position was expressed through monuments depicting colonial glories and exhibitions showcasing British power. Whilst there was growth of commerce alongside growth of the Citys financial sector, trends later developed in the form of rapid suburban growth aided by improved infrastructure in and around London. The London County Council (LCC) took on numerous housing projects peaking at 16,000 units that gradually expanded outwards form the City and were facilitated by improvements in communications, a tramway system and the electrification of the railways. As the new century dawned, Londons position at the hub of the worlds largest empire gave work to half a million in the docks and in import-related occupations.London continued to grow; between 1911 and 1939 its population increased from 7.25 to 8.73 million entirely in the outer ring beyond the LCC boundaries. (Porter, 1994:32) Urbanisation during this period was undoubtedly fed by the provisions created by empire, manifested in a country with a confident and specialised role in the world economy. In this system, London occupied the nodal point of a colonial urban system in which the economies of the metropolis and of such distant cities as Calcutta or Sydney and their respective hinterlands complemented one another and were heavily interdependent. (Sheppard, 1998:313) The testing of imperial Londons power by two world wars and the following dissolution of empire were to dramatically change the face of the City. These influences forced upon London the devastating effects of The Blitz and the processes of relinquishing power to the colonised nations, which had for so long been the source of Londons wealth. Inevitably Londons power began to decline and it was challenged with finding new ways to rebuild and to grow. [London] was sustained by surplus extracted from the colonial economy. With the demise of the colonial power, it lacked the economic base to meet the social costs it generated. [This resulted in] problems of housing, a shortage of economic resourcesand a lack of the institutional infrastructure to deal with social, administrative and political needs. (King, 1990:45) Disappearance of hegemonic power systems took place, and the nation-state grew in significance as a unit of analysis. Within these nation states the seats of power were able to control their own destinies and determine growth within their own political boundaries; this growth was facilitated by the freer flow of goods and capital through the nation states principal cities. The dissolution of empire and the effects of the Second World War led to a dramatic shift in the nature of Londons economy which ultimately affected its growth. The collapse of the manufacturing industries is a case in point, and from the mid-1950s people began to suffer job losses in this area. Between 1971 and 1975 19 per cent of manufacturing jobs disappearedbetween 1978 and 1981 some 98,700 jobs in manufacturing and production were lost. (Coupland, 1992:26-27) Commerce also declined in central London and as unemployment rose a deprived inner city began to emerge. Londons problems were exacerbated not only by the housing problems caused by wartime damage, but by the closure of the docks, which had survived the war but could not survive the break-up of empire. The Empirehad long ensured Londons position as the worlds premier port [.] Independence, however, loosened old trading ties; no longer was trade automatically routed through London, and new nations created trading preferences of their own, selling direct to America, Germany and Japan. During the 1960s Commonwealth trade was halved, and London shrank as an entrepot. (Porter, 1994, 348) The closure of this critical dimension of Londons power represented symbolic as well as industrial and demographic decline. Moreover, while disintegration of manufacturing in London can be attributed to varying factors such as economic recession, the closure of the Docks are inextricably linked to the dissolution of the British Empire. The closure also affected activities linked to the Docklands: transport, warehousing and food processing industries and systems were damaged and the Citys economic woes took shape in the form of rapid demographic change. As people moved outward from Greater London the population began to decrease, from 8,600,000 in 1939 to 6,300,000 in 1991, a trend which continues today. The unemployment rate in the industrial areas of inner-London rose to 14 per cent in 1981, while a new trend of mass immigration from the Commonwealth changed the ethnic composition of Londons population and reflected Londons increasing diversity. The dynamics of Londons decline began to influence new processes of growth, both physical and economic. The new industries that grew up in London were connected to its role as an information city and there was an escalation in the significance of the cultural production sector. Tourism became a major source of income for London. Systems of land-use planning began to determine Londons physical growth, with the establishment of the Green Belt designed to fix an area of permanent countryside around the city in a policy to shift 1,033,000 Londoners and workplaces beyond its boundaries. This policy may have hindered urban sprawl, but it has also led to new types of growth in the form of an Outer Ring, as towns on Londons periphery have had to adapt and grow due to the population exodus from Greater London. Altogether, this Outer Ring added nearly one million to [Londons] population in the decade 1951-61, representing two-fifths of the net growth of the British population. (Hall, 1977:24) The growth of the Outer Ring coincided with various strategies by the LCC including the development of tower-block estates, a move that would later lead to rising social problems in the areas in which they were built. There continued to be a rise in office space in the inner city, as Londons financial sector remained strong alongside an influx of the middle classes into inner-suburb precincts. Consequently improvements in housing took hold mainly in areas such as Notting Hill, Paddington and Mile End. The 1960s were witness to the increased significance of London as a cultural centre and the City became an international heart of fashion, music and design. [T]he City grew impressively from the 1960s, thanks to a combination of accident, expertise, language and geography. (Porter, 1994:374) Redevelopment of London began with the comprehensive reconstruction of Tower Hamlets and in more recent times with the controversial redevelopment of the Docklands. The scale of redevelopment of the Docklands is characterised by the construction of Great Britains tallest building: Canary Wharf. The area creates office space for 40,000 to 60,000 workers and symbolises the emergence of a new and modern London, one that is predominantly concerned with business and finance, and one that continues to exude success due to these sectors. From this discussion we can clearly see the importance of Londons imperial status in relation to its growth. Dissolution of empire has indeed been critical to the growth of world cities as they have become more freely exposed to the processes of globalisation and have had greater control of their position in the world economy. This contention can be exemplified by the current position of world cities, such as New York and Singapore in the economic world order and the growth of former colonys capitals as they engage in directing their own futures, levels of trade and spatial organisation. London, however, is an exceptional case. As an imperial city it was largely dependent on its colonial territories for sustaining its own growth and power. Whereas eighty or ninety years ago, London was at the core of the world system, a generator of powerful economic, political and cultural forces pushing out to the periphery, today it increasingly contends with equally powerful economic, political, and cultural forces pressing in from outside.'(King, 1990:73) This change has increased the vulnerability of Londons economy. All other world cities havehad to adapt to the internationalization of the world economy Paris and New York, for instance; but what distinguishes London is the degree of its former imperial dominance, and the extent to which internationalization has brought foreign ownership, and hence dependence. (Sheppard, 1998:359) Modern London now has to compete with other primary cities which have not had to undergo such a dramatic transition in their character and global position. Significant redevelopment has taken place in recent years and London continues to exemplify the world city. Its prominent role in Europe, its historical importance, imposing architecture, economic wealth and position as seat of power all contribute to make London one of the major cities of the world. The importance of dissolution of empire to many world cities is demonstrated by the increased flow of capital, labour, goods and services which have enabled them to grow. Imperial London already contained these processes which were fundamentally linked with its dominant global role, it is therefore, increasingly dependent and vulnerable within the new world economic order. However, the disintegration of its imperial role has not been completely negative to Londons growth, the City has just had to find time and method to help adapt and reposition itself within a new global system. Within this system London has now found a specific function as a global centre for banking and financial trading, which increasingly determine its international role and its patterns of modern growth. Bibliography. Coupland, Andy: Every Job an Office Job. And Docklands: Dream or Disaster? In Thornley, Andy (ed) (1992) The Crisis of London. Routledge. Friedmann, J and Wolff, G. (1982) World City formation: an agenda for research and action., International Journal of Urban and Regional Research: 6. Hall, P (1977 2nd edition) The World Cities. Weidenfield and Nicholson, London. Ch 2. King, AD (1990) Global Cities: Post-Imperialism and the Internationalization of London. Routledge. Porter, Roy (1994) London: A Social History. Penguin, London. Shappard, Francis (1998) London: A History. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Wells, H.G. (1908) Tono-Bungay. London: Oldhams Press.

Ethical Issues of Human Cloning Essay -- Ethics, Human Cloning

The word "cloning" is commonly used in everyday communication to mean many different technological procedures. Cloning is more specifically defined as somatic cell nuclear transfer. Simply explained by Glenn McGee in his article Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning as "the starvation and subsequent implantation of DNA from one organism (e.g., cells specialized to make that organism's hair or milk) into an egg whose DNA nucleus has been removed. The resulting egg and nucleus are shocked or chemically treated so that the egg begins to behave as though fertilization has occurred, resulting in the beginning of embryonic development of a second organism containing the entire genetic code of the first organism," (........).This method was first harnessed in 1952. Further manipulation of the procedure provided the first mammal being cloned in 1996. A sheep named Dolly was created by Dr. Ian Wilmut form PPL Therapeutics and the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland. Several more mammals proc eeded Dolly including mice, cows, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a mule in 2003. While progressing leaps and bounds, cloning still provided many undesirable presentations. For example, Dolly was severally obese and died prematurely. Aged chromosomes during her creation is thought to be the cause of her unfortunate death. Many clones created have had complications with their immune system, lung, livers and like Dolly, many have been obese. Cloning has also proven to require nearly endless attempts to provide a full pregnancy resulting in a live mammal. In Dolly's case, she proceeded 277 failed pregnancies. Furthermore than physical complications, many other issues, both tangible and ethical, steadfastly accompany cloning. Cloning, still being entirely exp... ...in need of organ transplants. One needs a liver, another needs a kidney, two need a new lung, and another needs a heart. Should I justify therapeutic cloning, I would then have to justify the murder of an innocent local to provide organs to these five people in need. If my wife needs a kidney transplant and I can provide a match and giver her one of mine, I have the conscious ability to make that decision. However, and embryo, a premature child, does not have the voice to say that he or she is willing to give up his or her life to benefit research of medical advances. The idea of being able to use exactly compatible cells to safe lives sounds like a beautiful reverie. If there was a way to create this miracle without creating an embryo, without killing a life, I would be extremely supportive. Until that breakthrough occurs I will stand firm behind my beliefs.

Gaps model of service quality Essay

The Gaps Model of Service Quality Chapter2-1 2 ï‚ § The Customer Gap – Gap 5 ï‚ § The Provider Gaps: ï‚ § Gap 1 – The Listening Gap ï‚ § not knowing what customers expect ï‚ § Gap 2 – The Design and Standards Gap ï‚ § not having the right service designs and standards ï‚ § Gap 3 – The Performance Gap ï‚ § not delivering to service standards ï‚ § Gap 4 – The Communication Gap ï‚ § not matching performance to promises ï‚ § Putting It All Together: Closing the Gaps McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright  © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives for Chapter 2: The Gaps Model of Service Quality 2-2 ï‚ § Introduce a framework, called the gaps model of service quality, which is used to organize this textbook. ï‚ § Demonstrate that the gaps model is a useful framework for understanding service quality in an organization. ï‚ § Demonstrate that the most critical service quality gap to close is the customer gap, the difference between customer expectations and perceptions. ï‚ § Show that four gaps that occur in companies, which we call provider gaps, are responsible for the customer gap. ï‚ § Identify the factors responsible for each of the four provider gaps. 2-3 The Customer Gap Gap 5 Key Factors Leading to the Customer Gap Customer GapGap 5 2-4 Customer Expectations ï‚ § Provider Gap 1: Not knowing what customers expect ï‚ § Provider Gap 2: Not selecting the right service designs and standards ï‚ § Provider Gap 3: Not delivering to service standards ï‚ § Provider Gap 4: Not matching performance to promises Customer Perceptions 2-5 Gaps Model of Service Quality ï‚ § Customer Gap 5: ï‚ § difference between customer expectations and perceptions ï‚ § Provider Gap 1 (Knowledge Gap): ï‚ § not knowing what customers expect ï‚ § Provider Gap 2 (Service Design & Standards Gap): ï‚ § not having the right service designs and standards ï‚ § Provider Gap 3 (Service Performance Gap): ï‚ § not delivering to service standards ï‚ § Provider Gap 4 (Communication Gap): ï‚ § not matching performance to promises 2-6 Provider Gap 1 CUSTOMER Expected Service Perceived Service COMPANY Gap 1: The Listening Gap Company Perceptions of Consumer Expectations 2-7 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 1 2-8 Provider Gap 2 CUSTOMER COMPANY Customer-Driven Service Designs and Standards Gap 2: The Design and Standards Gap Company Perceptions of Consumer Expectations 2-9 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 2 2-10 Provider Gap 3 CUSTOMER COMPANY Service Delivery Gap 3:The Performance Gap Customer-Driven Service Designs and Standards 2-11 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 3 2-12 Provider Gap 4 CUSTOMER COMPANY Gap 4: The Communication Gap External Service Delivery Communications to Customers 2-13 Key Factors Leading to Provider Gap 4 2-14 Gaps Model of Service Quality 5 Gap 4 Gap 3 Gap 1 Gap 2 2-15 Ways to Use Gap Analysis ï‚ § Overall Strategic Assessment: ï‚ § How are we doing overall in meeting or exceeding customer expectations? ï‚ § How are we doing overall in closing the four company gaps? ï‚ § Which gaps represent our strengths and where are our weaknesses? 2-16 Ways to Use Gap Analysis ï‚ § Specific Service Implementation ï‚ § Who is the customer? What is the service? ï‚ § Are we consistently meeting/exceeding customer expectations with this service? ï‚ § If not, where are the gaps and what changes are needed? (Examine gaps 1-4 for this particular service.)

Brand Equity Essay

Introduction In 2010, Coca-Cola has appeared at the top of the global brands with an estimate value of &78 billion. IBM has closely behind with 71$ billion. Despite those two businesses have totally different of business nature, these two firms have a significant common characteristic which is the value of their brand is extremely high. However, the value of branding isn’t only reveal in those two firms but the entire market has the common factors which are the most successful firm always has a high value of their brand. Branding is one of the critical enduring assets to a company which can be the name, term, design, symbol or any unique feature can be used to identify business. Kapferer (2008) suggest that branding is the most important factor to service industry as its instinctive uniqueness like inseparability, heterogeneity, perishability and tangibility. Furthermore, CEO of McDonald’s claimed that the value of brand is worth than any of their facility and equipment. It indicate that importance of branding is powerful assets which every of marketing manager would have carefully develop and manage. In this paper, we explore the importance of Brand Equity and any of the associated metrics. Brand Equity is the differential effect that knowing the brand name has on customer response to the product or its marketing. America Marketing Association has given a definition of brand equity, it suggests that â€Å"The value of a brand. From a consumer perspective, brand equity is based on consumer attitudes about positive brand attributes and favorable consequences of brand use.† Brand equity is a critical marketing component for building a successful business which gives advantages to increase the profit of the product or services depends on the various value of the brand. Ad agency Young and Rubicm’s Brand Assest Valuator measures brand strength along four consumer perceptions which are the differentiation, knowledge, relevance and esteem. 4 strategy in brand equity Differentiation refers to the process to distinguish a product or services to your rivals. The purpose of approaching differentiation is to position your product to your potential customer which makes the product or services more attractive to a particular market, also, it can increase the competitive  advantage of the products. Successful differentiation can possibly leads the firms to the monopolistic competition which means business has occupy a specify market area. In 2007, Apple introduced the first IPhone in the market; the success differentiation of the IPhone push Apple to become a one of the most successful company in the world. Though, multiple brands has starting introduced new smart phone gradually, Apple has still occupy a mount 25-35% of the market as their successful differentiate their product against their rivals. Moreover, in order to identify the nature of the product differentiation, firms can use some of the metrics to measure. Moreover, brand knowledge, also known as Brand awareness refers to the brands popularity toward firm’s potential consumers. Kevin (1993) declared Brand awareness is related to the functions of brand identities in consumers’ memory and can be reflected by how well the consumers can identify the brand under various conditions. Brand awareness is always the primary goal of advertising which include the brand recognition and recall performance. Larry and John (1992) claimed that Brand recognition refers to the capability for consumers to identify between new brand and consumer previous used brand. The primary objective isn’t to force consumer to recognise the brand names, it often means that consumers can response to a certain brand after viewing its visual packaging images. On the other hands, brand recall refers the consumer’s ability to generate and retrieve the brand in their memory. Furthermore, brand relevance refers to how consumers feel its meets their needs. Aaker (2012) suggest that the brand relevance is to differentiate or innovate new product or services that route to consumer to have a ‘must have’ feeling. Finally, brand esteem refer as how highly consumers regard and respect the brand. consumer’s response to a marketer’s brand-building activity is driven by his perception of two factors: quality and popularity, both of which vary by country and culture. Brands such as Kodak, Maruti, Pepsi, Amul and Raymonds are esteemed in the consumer’s mind, based on popularity more than quality. Therefore, those 4 factors are the most crucial element of brand equity approach, it aims to develop a valuable customer equity which means the value of the customer relationships that the bread create. 3 Level of brand Equity In order to evaluate a brand, there are three level that we can approach to  measure the states of brand. The first level refers as the firm level which measure a brand as a financial asset. It means that firm treat a brand’s value as an intangible asset. Neumeier (2006) provides an example to describe the situation. He claimed that if manager were to take the value of the firm, as derived by its market capitalization—and then subtract tangible assets and â€Å"measurable† intangible assets—the residual would be the brand equity. On the other hand, the term ‘Brand valuation modelling’ is also highly relevant to the brand equity in this level. Brand valuation models typically combine a brand equity measure with commercial metrics such as margin or economic profit. It can determine the actual value and the potential value of the brand in the future. The second level is product level refer as compare the price of the product with infamous brand. We assume that the different in price, consumers would be favourite in our brand. Firms always determine their sales price by the result of this level. The third level is the consumer level which defines as seeks to measure the awareness and brand image. Free association tests and projective techniques are commonly used to uncover the tangible and intangible attributes, attitudes, and intentions about a brand Brands with high levels of awareness and strong, favourable and unique associations are high equity brands. (Keller 1993) The 3 Brand Equity Metrics In order to identify the level of success for the brand equity, there are three metrics which can be used to measure the performance from three different aspects. Firstly, financial brand equity metrics is used to measure a brand’s profitability and it is include market share, price sensitivity, profitability, revenue etc. Roll (2009) reveals that Measure a brand’s monetary value through the various parameters of market share, price premium a brand commands, the revenue generation capabilities of a brand, the transaction value, the lifetime value of a brand and the rate at which brands sustains growth. The purpose of this measure is to allow a firm to evaluate an accurate financial value of brand equity linked to marketing metrics. Moreover, Knowledge metrics is the key driver of brand equity which refer to measure brand’s awareness and popularity via many stages of recognition, aided, unaided and top of mind recall. Similarly, the functional and emotional associations of a brand are important drivers of  brand equity. Knowledge metrics include the loyalty, retention and awareness. For example, PlayBoy is recently changing their target consumers and markets. It must be imperative to them as their recognition has decreased significant in the global market such as China. As the result, PlayBoy has suffered of a huge loss because the losing of knowledge metrics. The third metrics is Consumer Brand Equity Metrics which refer to track consumer sentiment and behaviors related to your brand to get a complete understanding of brand equity. If consumers believe in a brand, it has far more equity than a brand that consumers don’t care about or believe in. (Gunelius). In order to approach this metrics, firms has to ask questions through surveys and research that gives information of how people feel about the brand and how they make purchase decision. Firms can use those dates to track the brand equ ity to ensure it’s growing in a positive direction. The Benefit of Brand Equity Approaching brand equity is always giving a lot of advantages to the firms. I strongly suggest should use brand equity to gain the benefit shown below 1. Increase market share of the company If a firms successfully approach brand equity in the market, their product value will be excess the market expectation which will attract potential investor to invest into the company. It increase the market share at the market, moreover, it accelerate the development of new firms. Beats electronics is developed on 2008 and it has become one of the most valuable audio product manufactures in the world. As they have unique strategy to promote and differentiate their product, the value of their brand has increase 27 billion dollars in 3 years and it has been purchased by Apple on 2014. 2. Helps build Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is directly related with brand equity. Well-developed and promoted brands make product positioning efforts more effective. Brand loyalty is the consumer’s commitment to repurchase to a specific brand while  brand equity refers to the marketing effects which a product’s value increases because the branding effect. This means that people will always show more brand loyalty a specific brand if the brand equity of the product is higher. For example, Apple as one of the leader sheep of the smart phone market, their unique feature and design has earned a lot of brand loyalty in the market. 3. Helps to introduce new product When Firms are trying to establish a new product in the market, it is always easier if the firms have successful brand equity as their brand is already well-known in the market. 4. Reduce promotion cost Promotion is always costly ecstatically through media channel. However, brand equity can reduce the price of the promotion as they have a solid consumer base which will promote firm’s product by word of mouth. Conclusion Brand equity is a phrase used in the marketing industry to try to obtain the benefit from the brand’s power, based on the idea that the owner of the well-known brand name can make more revenue from products or services. As consumers believe that products with famous names is better than less well-known products as another word for â€Å"brand equity† is the â€Å"brand value†. The value will have be premium when a firm realizes from a product with a recognizable name as compared to its generic equivalent. Companies can create brand equity for their products by 4 aspects which are differentiation, knowledge, relevance and esteem. Therefore, business should approach brand equity as their primary goal as it provides a lot of advantage and it increase the marketing productivity significantly. Reference list Gunelius, S 2014,’ Brand Equity Basics – Part 1: What Is Brand Equity?’ retrieved 07 September 2014, < http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/study-support/referencing/harvard> Aaker, D 2009 Managing Brand Equity, The Free Press, New York Kohli, C& Leuthesser, L 2001,’ BRAND EQUITY: CAPITALIZING ON INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL’, retrieved 07 September 2014, < http://www.brandchannel.com/images/papers/brandequitycapitalizing.pdf> Keller, K L 1993,’Conceptualizing, Measuring, and managing Customer-Basaed Brand Equity’, Journal of Marketing, retrieved 07 September 2014, < http://www.iseg.utl.pt/aula/cad1849/conceptualizing_measuring_managing_cbbe.pdf>

Durkheim and Suicide essays

Durkheim and Suicide essays Durkheim uses the concepts of culture and social structure to explain variations in suicide rates between different groups. Sociological investigations seek social-structure models of influences on suicide, including family, culture, religion, occupation, socioeconomic class, and groups or organizations, typically derived from applying ecological and epidemiological methods to investigate relationships of suicide rates to social-demographic factors and secular variations. Durkheim distinguished 3 types of suicide, based essentially on social roles egoistic, altruistic, and anomic (arising from angry frustration). Absent or negative social relationships also can be associated with suicide by involving loss of support or involvement in toxic relationships or cults. Although social isolation and material or emotional deprivation seem to play a fundamental role in suicide, multifactorial biopsychosocial models usually are favored today, and they offer the most comprehensive available theoretical models. Global influences. Massive global changes in the 20th century had little overall effect on international suicide rates, although, paradoxically, shifts in suicide rates have been greater in countries relatively protected from wars and economic disasters, and increases have occurred selectively in countries that had relatively low rates in 1900. For example, in the United States, the annual suicide rate per 100,000 population of 10.2 in 1900 increased to 16.2 early in World War I, decreased in the 1920s, rose to 17.4 during the Depression, and then fell during World War II, to remain stable thereafter at 10-12.[11,67] During World War II, the reported suicide rate in Germany remained stable or even fell slightly, whereas some countries not directly involved in the war (eg, Ireland, Finland) experienced marked increases. For the most part, however, both world wars were associated with decreased suicide rates in winning, losing and ...

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The Role of Leaders in Harnessing the Individual Qualities of Members on a Team - Research Paper Example Motivation has been explained to be a reactive mechanism to a reinforcement that people receive in a workplace context (Kerzner, 2003). This means that motivation is a way that people respond to reinforcement to give off their best at work. Motivation, therefore, needs to be triggered by something. In most organizational settings, the word motivation is used to refer to the desire that people should have to put up their best to ensure improved productivity. A worker who is result oriented and normally seen to be on top of his or her job and delivering up to expectation or beyond is therefore seen to be a highly motivated person. It is in this direction that Cherry (2011) explains that â€Å"motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviours.† From her definition, it can be seen that motivation actually sets the pace for success as it initiatives goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also serves as roadmap or yardstick to success a s it guides goal-oriented behaviours. Motivation also acts as an agent of preservation of success as it maintains goal-oriented behaviours. The absence of motivation is, therefore, tantamount to haphazardness at the workplace as it eliminates clear cut focus and goal-oriented behaviour from the organisation. All organisation and institutions are set up with a basic principle of achieving something positive. It is in line with this that there are often mission statements and vision statements for all well-meaning organisations. But in order to achieve the overall mission or vision set by any given organisation, it is very important that a series of projects and tasks are delivered.

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1993 Cuisine and Culture of Mexico - Research Paper Example However, Mexican people belong to various different cultures and this fusion of diversity is reflected in the rich Mexican culture and tradition. The Official language of Mexico is Spanish and it is the largest and most densely populated Spanish speaking nation in the world. There is no official religion of Mexico but however, during the ancient Spanish colonization, the religion of Roman Catholicism was introduced to the Mexican people. However, a recent census revealed that 95% of the Mexican population is Christian out of which 89% are Roman Catholics therefore Mexico has the second largest Catholic population in the world. The folk art traditions of Mexican are amalgamations of both Spanish and aboriginal Aztec culture. The great contrasts in the Mexican culture are also due to the influence of Pre Columbian art which is portrayed in the curved, linear and three dimensional ceramics produced in Mexico. The ancient Mesoamerican settlements shaped the traditional literature of anci ent and modern Mexico. Netzahualcoyotl was a pre-Hispanic poet and is by far the most famous historical poet in Mexico. The beginning of the 20th century is considered as the Golden Era of Mexican cinema. During this time many historic events were portrayed in the form of stage performances particularly the Mexican revolution was quite dramatically depicted. Modern day Mexican culture shows great inspiration to the Catholic Church. (Solski, 1981) Modern day Mexican cuisine is a fusion of original Mayan and Aztec culture along with the influence of Spanish culture and cooking traditions. Mexico is famous around the world for this unique blend of Spanish and aboriginal cuisine. Mexican cuisine is known for its wide range of flavors and exotic decorations. The unique fusion of ingredients and a variety of spices give Mexican food a unique and

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Impact of Modern Digital Technologies - Essay Example However, modern digital technology has influenced it adopters and users both negatively and positively, considering that, the corporate world adopts technological advancement to improve quality of production and more so, efficiency and effectiveness in both production and communication. Digital Printing Industry The modern digital technology has revolutionized the printing industry from the ancient application of faded images and texts to come up with complete printed product. The printing industry has advanced technologically from the use of ancient dot matrix printers that were characterized with holes in a row, which fed the ream of printing papers to the digital printing. The old dot matrix printers were repeatedly accompanied by the challenge of jamming of printing papers. The impact of the modern digital technology in the printing industry is clearly depicted by the strikingly clear texts and images with the flexibility of a wide range of colors where digital printing can be ad vantageously used to display a wide range of products, ranging from photographs to marketing materials. Small companies and business entities in the printing industry are able to match up to the big names in the printing industry through the application of digital printing to come with less costly and high quality products. Big companies dominated the production of quality and large quantities of printing products at less costly products as compared to small business entities that had to incur huge costs to produce printing products of higher quality, thanks to the modern digital technology that has enabled them to compete fairly in the printing industry. Digital printing has replaced the making of photocopies that were of low quality and were not that clear enough for detailed representations. Adoption of digital printing can therefore be associated with the significant quality of printing and representation of detailed graphics. It has replaced the less quality printing products f rom the ordinary printing devices and photocopy machines, where the result could never achieve more quality that original copy. The old printing machines could never achieve much quality as the digital technology, since any slight depreciation in quality of the original copy was always highlighted by the printer. Digital technologies have the advantage of using original soft copy material unlike the physical hard copy whose quality can be compromised by handling complications such as creases, dust, and oil. However, companies operating within the printing industry have not fully embraced the digital printing technology, considering the rather huge costs involved in installing the digital printing devices. Large printing companies have been reluctant in installing newer printing devices that can produce large quantities at high speed. More over, in relation to huge costs incurred in installing high-speed digital printing devices, some companies in the industry generally have a slow p ace in innovation and adoption of new technologies other than the modern digital technology itself. Total digital printing represents two percent of the entire printing industry and it is projected to grow minimally in future, considering that there is limited modern digital printing equipment in the whole industry. Companies are reluctant to embrace digital printing technologies consideration the high capital costs incurred in

Structuralism And Edward Titchener Psychology Essay

Structuralism And Edward Titchener Psychology Essay Edward Titchener was a famous psychologist who was born in Chichester, England in 1867. He studied physiology, classics, and philosophy at Malvern College and Oxford University before pursuing his doctorate degree in clinical psychology at the University of Leipzig (King, Viney, Woody, 2009). While at the University of Leipzig, Titchener studied under Wilhelm Wundt, a psychologist who is known as the father of experimental psychology (Schultz Schultz, 2011). After Titchener completed his doctoral degree in Germany, he attempted to obtain a job in England, but was not successful in doing so. He ended up earning a job at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York as a professor of psychology. At the age of 28, Titchener earned the title of full professor at Cornell (King et al., 2009). While at Cornell, Titchener published eight books, over 60 articles, and translated much of Wundts work into English (Schultz Schultz, 2011). As the head of one of the most rigorous doctoral program in the United States, he supervised over 50 students in the clinical psychology program at Cornell (King et al., 2009). Titcheners first student who graduated was Margaret Floy Washburn, who later became famous for her work in comparative psychology, which is the study of human behavior in relation to animals and other species (King et al., 2009). In a time period when most schools would not accept women into their programs, Titchener had 19 women graduate under his supervision. This was the most of any other male psychologist in his generation (Hergenhahn, 2008). Titchener structured the doctoral program at Cornell based on the German model, which included an intense mixture of lab research and independent work. While his students worked independently, he was heavily involved in helping them out with their research. Titchener was described as having a powerful personality, a strong character, and a paternalistic way with his students (King et al., 2009). Wundt and Titchener both believed in using introspection to discover the mental elements of human experience. Both of these scientists also believed that identifying and classifying sensations and feelings were an essential part of understanding the human experience (Chung Hyland, 2012). However, Titchener felt images were a category of mental elements, and Wundt did not. Both Wundt and Titchener used an experimental approach in their work. However, Wundt believed that psychology cannot only be studied as an experimental science. He felt that psychology should also be studied through historical analyses and naturalistic observation (Chung Hyland, 2012). In addition, Wundt believed that the methods used to study psychology could be utilized to describe social customs, religion, myths, morals, art, law, and language (King et al., 2009). Titcheners view was more rigid in that he only believed that psychology could be studied in the laboratory through evidence-based methods. Another di fference between Titchener and Wundt was that Wundt believed that physical events could be explained by antecedent events, and that higher psychological processes could not be studied in the laboratory (Schultz Schultz, 2011). Titchener only studied psychology through introspection, focusing on internal processes (Hergenhahn, 2008). Titcheners goal for psychology was to make it an accepted science, classified in the same category as physics and chemistry (King et al., 2009). He firmly believed that psychology should be studied in a laboratory, and that studying psychology was no different than studying physics, chemistry, and other hard sciences. Titcheners view on psychology was called Structuralism. He believed that human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors could be charted on a table as elements are on the periodic table. Titcheners view was reductionistic in that he did not feel it was important to understand how the parts of the mind worked together as a whole, but just the individual parts themselves. He felt that if each part could be understood then all one would need to do is to learn how these parts interact to conclude in a thought or behavior. Structuralism had five main goals for psychology; 1) to study it using specific methods, 2) to provide more definitions in the field of psychology, 3) to use it to make assumptions about more general philosophical issues, 4) to make connections between the physical sciences and psychology, and 5) to prove that psychology should be in the same category as the hard sciences. Titchener believed that all science begins with experience, and that without this, there could be no cognition or knowledge. He felt that experiences could have various points of view depending on the person who is experiencing the situation. Titchener believed that the main difference between the accepted physical sciences and psychology was that psychological experience was dependent on human judgment, and the other physical sciences were not dependent on human experience. While Titchener had many goals for psychology, he identified the current problems with psychology, and why it was not an accepted science. Titchener believed that the basic elements of experience needed to be identified and categorized. Next, understanding how each element interacts with another was essential to understanding human experience. Finally, causal relations between experiences needed to be identified. Titchener believed that the method of studying psychology was not different than any other science. While hard scientists used inspection to make many of their observations, Titchener called the observation by psychologists introspection. While many criticized introspection due to its subjective nature, Titchener firmly believed introspection could be objective if individuals were formally trained in the practice. Introspection was a scientific form of observation in Titcheners eyes. According to Titchener, observation is considered scientific if it has three properties; 1) one can isolate the experience, 2) the experience can be varied, and 3) the experience can be repeated. Titchener believed that the senses were the key access points to the mind. One of his specific goals was to identify mental elements connected to each sense. After he identified each element, Titchener wanted to categorize the elements. The three mental elements that Titchener identified were: 1) affections, which were emotions, 2) images, which were ideas, memories, and thoughts, and 3) sensation, which related to perception. He believed that all sensations had four characteristics; 1) quality, which was the main descriptor, 2) intensity, which was the strength or amount, 3) clearness, which was how clearly the sensation could be identified, and 4) duration, which was the duration of the sensation. The mental elements could have more than these four characteristics, but all had these. The only mental element that did not have all four was affections because Titchener did not believe that emotions were distinct or easy to identify. Titchener had a unique view on the mind and body rel ationship. Titchener believed that the mind and body influence each other, but that they were two different views of the same experience. According to him, the mind and body were parallel and never physically interacted, but one could influence the other. Some historians classified Titchener as a psychophysical parallelist, but this was controversial. This may have been thought to be controversial because s true parallelist would never say that the mind and body could influence one another in any way. Another unique aspect to Titcheners opinion on the mind and body relationship was that he did not believe in commonsense interactionism. This was likely due to his empiricist nature that everything had to be objectively studied in a lab setting. Titchener influenced many aspects of psychology that are important today. The first area of psychology that Titchener was interested in was attention. He separated attention into two categories; primary and secondary. Primary attention was passive and involuntary. It was influenced by intense stimuli, and thought to be related to novel and sudden stimuli. According to Titchener, secondary attention was active and voluntary. This involved attention under situations in which one needs to actively concentrate when distractors are in the environment. Titchener felt that this was related to advanced stages of development, and that infants were not capable of secondary attention. Another area of psychology that Titchener was interested in was associations. Titchener wanted to analyze how the mental elements of human experience interact; therefore, understanding associations was important to him. Titchener appreciated how philosophers such as Aristotle, Hobbes, and Bain placed a large emphasis on association. Titchener proposed that all association can be broken down to the law of contiguity. He felt that every law of association involved contiguity. Titchener also believed that emotions do not play an important part in association. Titchener stated, feelings only play a role by virtue of their sensory and imaginal components, and not their affective character (Cite). Titchener thought highly of Ebbinghauss work with nonsense syllables in regard to understanding association, but he felt that Ebbinghaus was missing an important component, intrinsic meaning. Titchener believed that personal impressions and associative processes operate together, and they cannot be separated. Titchener understood that intrinsic processes in humans are impo rtant, and cannot be left out when studying association. A third area of psychology that Titchener studied was meaning. Titchener believed that meaning, from a psychological perspective, had everything to do with context. In his opinion, meaning was a combination of the laws of attention and the laws of the connection of sensations. Titchener believed that everything humans see and experience had a context and a background. He understood that when individuals process things, memories of their past experiences play a large role in how they interpret what they experience. Titchener felt that the context of a situation or object was the psychological equivalent of its actual meaning. Interestingly, he noted that humans frequently had difficulty in identifying their own contexts when doing introspection. Emotion was another area that Titchener was interested in studying. In the area of emotion, Titchener had a problem with the James-Lange theory, which states that humans experience emotions based on how the body behaves. For example, when we see a bear, we run, and then become afraid. There were a number of reasons why Titchener had a problem with this theory. First, he believed it was not a novel theory, in that Descarte and Spinoza discussed physical origins of emotions. Next, Titchener felt that there were specific flaws in this theory. He argued that physical changes in the body may look exactly the same for different emotions. For example, when somebody is crying, it could be tears of joy as opposed to tears of despair. In addition, Titchener felt that bodily sensations were too simple of an explanation for emotions, which are complicated and not easily defined. He wrote in detail about how difficult categorizing emotions was, and stated that most theorists that attempt to understand and classify emotions do it subjectively, and their theories a re not scientific. Toward the end of Titcheners career, he became frustrated with his inability to identify and quantify all of the mental processes in human experience. Instead of having three main elements (Images, sensation, and affections), he proposed that affect was simply a byproduct of sensations images and sensations. Specifically, Titchener believed that affect may have been a form of sensation on a spectrum from pleasant to unpleasant. In addition, he proposed that images may have been a type of sensation. Titchener separated himself from trying to identify and classify all mental processes, and grew to feel that human experience was more abstract and on a spectrum. Titcheners Structuralism eventually was overtaken by behaviorism for a number of reasons. It was hard to defend introspection as an objective, scientific method. It was thought that individuals may not accurately report what they feel and experience. Next, structuralism placed no weight on psychological development, personality, abnormal behavior, learning, individual differences, evolution, and practicality. Behaviorism focused on what could be observed, and the relationship between external events and behavior. This lead to a great understanding in learning, performance, and the origin of behaviors. Most importantly, the methods of behaviorism were practical, quantifiable, measurable, classifying them as credibly scientific. Behaviorists criticized Structuralists for focusing too much on the internal, which cannot be observed. Behaviorists the studied cause and effect of behavior focusing on external events in the environment. This was more practical and effective than methods such as introspection. While Titcheners structuralism was too rigid to survive, it paved an important path in the field of psychology for its future. He was the first to fight a fight that has gone on for years, making psychology classified as a true, empirically-based science. Titchener also touched on areas in psychology that are crucial in the field today such as attention, association, meaning, and emotion. While he was not never able to create a periodic table of the mental elements of experience, his empirically-based methods are used today in many areas of psychology.