The Issue of Protecting the Destination through the Green-Tourism

Question: Talk about the International Tourism and Hotel Management ? Answer: Introducation The article is about the Australias Great Barrier Reef that is one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The creator says that the Great Barrier Reef is one of the vacation spot goals on the planet that gets around 2 million guests from around the globe every year. The creator investigates a novel plan molded to bring down the impact of the travel industry on the worldwide most broad reef framework. Bruce underscores sin his article the way that the 2 300 kilometer length reef draw in visitors that visit the various islands. The article gives the activities that have been taken to the goal in view of the travel industry part to guarantee that it is ensured to build the quantity of guests (Brace 2003, pp. 98). The article says that synthetic concoctions are contaminating the water and torment of crown-of-thistles starfish that has harmed around 20 percent of the individual reefs. This has started new activities to secure the reef through the green-the travel industry crusade. This infers the travel industry has empowered the battle that apparently protects the reef to draw in more sightseers later on. The creator says that the visit firms are confirmed to keep securing the spot. This has seen the goal increment the quantity of the guests going to the goal and expanded benefits. It is anticipated that the reef achieves A $ 1 billion yearly. This has urged the administration to rehearse feasible the travel industry as the ecological concerns. The issue of securing the goal through the green-the travel industry battle and different activities is intended to take out the negative effect of the travel industry on the area. The area is one of the main vacationer goals around the globe and should be secured to build the quantity of voyagers. The article says that the reason helped by a novel arrangement of rules to help visit administrators to find jumping stages that will cause less natural harm and another chart book of waves. The map book maps will help visit administrators to get data with respect to waves experienced on the reef during tornados, and search for fitting destinations for boats. The green-the travel industry crusade and different activities on the goal will assist with monitoring the Great Barrier Reef to keep drawing in more vacationers. These activities are significant in guaranteeing that visitors appreciate the best when they visit the goal. This is an extraordinary article that has adequate data on the effect of exercises in the GBR on the travel industry area. Kragt, M. E., P. C. Roebeling, A. Ruijs. 2009. Impacts of Great Barrier Reef corruption on recreational reef-trip request: an unexpected conduct approach, Australian Journal Agricultural and Resource Economics, 53:213-229. The article discusses the Great Barrier Reef, which is the worldwide greatest coral reef biological system which is internationally known for its tasteful excellence. The creators underscore the truth the goal fills in as an extraordinary environmental goal for some enterprises that works around there of which the travel industry is the most noteworthy. The data gave in the article rotates around the effect of the travel industry on the goal achieved by the Great Barrier Reef. Moreover, the creators give the advantages collected from the coral reefs that accompany the travel industry consistently. The article starts by focusing on the extent of the Great Barrier Reef being the biggest coral reef biological system well known for its tasteful excellence. The creators state that the goal is critical for the travel industry due to the advantages that it accompanies which incorporate monetary importance. The creators state that the goal draws in more than 1.6 million visitors every year and the travel industry part offers greater business that some other industry in the Great Barrier Reef goal. Notwithstanding, the article focuses on that the corruption of the coral reefs in view of the dregs brought by expanded agrarian action in the district contrarily influences the benefits from sightseers. The creators attempt to gauge to what degree a decline in the nature of the Great Barrier Reef impacts the interest for recreational outings by vacationers to the region. The other data in the article is the connection between the wages and reef-the travel industry. This suggests the creator s endeavor to discover the impact of incomes on reef-the travel industry that will prompt improved advancement of powerful administration arrangements in the goal to build the quantity of voyagers (Kragt et al, 2009). The key thoughts of the article plainly identify with the Great Barrier Reef since it endeavors to investigate the connection between the impact of debasement of the coral reefs and the salary on the travel industry. This infers the creators accept that the debasement will prone to influence contrarily the nature of coral reefs that will influence the earnings from the business. The proceeded with corruption of the coral reefs in view of the expanded horticultural exercises in the territory is probably going to influence adversely the nature of these corals. This, thusly, will lessen the quantity of the travelers visiting the goal as it is done speaking to them. Thus, this will decrease the work and wages that accompany vacationer (Kragt et al, 2009). This will adversely affect the travel industry that will influence the financial situation of the territory. The creators utilized the macroeconomic hypothesis to demonstrate that corruption has an immediate relationship to the nature of the reefs and financial feasibility of the goal. The article is extraordinary in light of the fact that it connects the effects of the exercises in the Great Barrier Reef on the travel industry. Carr, L. Meldelsohn, R. 2003. Esteeming Coral Reefs: A Travel Cost Analysis of the Great Barrier Reef, Ambio, 32 (5): 353-357. The article investigates the global, just as residential travel to the Great Barrier Reef that will permit the estimation of the advantages that the reef offers to around 2 million visitors consistently. The creators feature the way that there are a few dangers to the current coral reefs in the GBR territory. They stress that there are a few advantages that accompanies the security of the catchment region, particularly to the travel industry. All the more in this way, the article features circuitous and direct expenses of the coral reefs by accentuating travel costs. The key thoughts in the article are about the estimation of the movement costs related with guests that visit the region for recreational purposes. The creators use request models to evaluate the movement expenses to discover the costs that are expected to assess these costs that goes to the GBR territory. Travel cost technique is the strategy broadly used to gauge the expenses related with the travel industry exercises in the GBR district, which well known comprehensively. The article underpins the need to help assurance and protection rehearses in the region to keep up coral reef wellbeing and feasible asset that will support the travel industry in Australia. The creators state that the accounts from sightseers visiting GBR territory benefits both household and worldwide countries (Carr Meldelsohn 2003). The key thought of evaluating the expenses related with the advantages that is collected from GBR is significant in understanding the effects of the goal to the travel industry. This is credited to the way that region has been the fundamental mainstay of the travel industry. The movement cost technique is proper in this situation as underscored by the creators since it advances the comprehension of the advantages of the territory. The discoveries from the article are significant since it will used to comprehend the district, particularly on the advantages from travelers visiting the zone. The discoveries of the article will be applied to embrace enhancements in the region to help preservation endeavors and draw in guests from globally and locally. Willacy. C. 2016. Extraordinary Barrier Reef coral dying could cost $1b in lost the travel industry, look into recommends, ABC. Recovered on April 25, 2017. The article offers data on the impacts of kept blanching of the Great Barrier Reef on the travel industry. The creator says this kept dying could bring about the loss of around $1 billion in the travel industry segment. The fading impact on the coral reef in the GBR will bring about the decrease in the quantity of the visitors visiting the goal prompting the misfortune in the travel industry income. The article underlines the way that the fading of the coral reefs of the GBR will cause a generous loss of the travel industry that will subsequently affect the financial suitability of the territory. The creator assesses the misfortune will result in about $ 1 billion, which was evaluated subsequent to looking over in excess of 3,000 Chinese, United States and United Kingdom guests and 1,400 local visitors in the GBR zone. The creator gauges dependent on overview results that there are around 175,000 travelers who hazard coming to Australia at all if the reef carries on to be blanched and around 900,000 voyagers are probably going to pick different goals. This will likewise bring about joblessness cases in the region somewhere in the range of (39,000 and 45,000 employments) (Willacy 2016). The key thoughts of the article identify with the article since it tends to the issue confronting coral reefs in the GBR territory as one of the main visitor goal and that this will liable to influence the economy of the area. This implies visitors are probably going to pick another goal other than GBR that have sound reefs. The articles key thoughts bring into viewpoint the effect of fading and that there is the need to manage the quandary of environmental change and start different measures to spare the territory and guarantee that there is a positive exposure from the media. Hannam, P. 2017. Incredible Barrier Reef the travel industry set out toward extreme occasions as coral dying intensifies, The Sidney Morning Herald. Recovered on April 25, 2017. The article says that the Great Barrier is

Conduct Ecostore Management Curves of Innovation

Question: Portray about the Conduct Ecostore Management for Curves of Innovation. Answer: Presentation Ecological administration idea is a positive endeavor to control the human collaboration and contact with the components of condition for safeguarding the significant regular recourses. As per Wilson (2015), ecological administration exclusively focuses on the steady procedure of advancement of the human government assistance for both the future and present age. Different managerial activities of an association execute, create and screen the applicable strategies, rules and guidelines of an association. The reason for this report is to dissect the hierarchical conduct and HRM rehearses inside Ecostore. This business report will likewise manage the universal business of the concerned organization with legitimate ramifications of data innovation. Toward the finish of this report, there will be successful suggestions, which may help the administration of Ecostore to build up the whole business structure and procedure in future. Foundation Ecostore, a famous organization of Australia and New Zealand began its business activity with natural and manageable cultivating rehearses and overlooked harmful synthetic substances while delivering the items (Ecostore.com.au 2016). The significant focal point of Ecostore includes the need of their clients and their wellbeing first. The proprietor of this organization has begun the business in Auckland with a base scope of child care and body care items. Nonetheless, inside five to seven years on account of notoriety, Ecostore has propelled its outlets in the stores of New Zealand, Australia and United States. Malcolm Rands, the fellow benefactor of Ecostore, extends the business all through the world in any case; the principle fixation was consistently Australia. Supportability related systems and issues So as to manufacture an ideal and reasonable brand with significant and satisfactory reason can be a considerable and complex errand in todays serious business world (De Freitas 2015). Ecostore has been prevailing to keep up a quick and consistent development in New Zealand with family unit cleaning and body care items. Ecostore is fruitful to keep up a solid sort of economical vision since 1993 and with this [potential procedures this organization has opened in excess of 2100 outlets in different urban areas of Australia. The significant focal point of Ecostore is to deliver eco well disposed item and with this strategy the organization has accomplished AU$35 million yearly turnover in the business. The embraced techniques of Ecostore are totally not the same as the current and conventional private enterprise model of business activity. As per Kennedy et al. (2016), hypothesis of supportability includes basic types of society and economy, which is enduring and can possibly be judged and assessed on worldwide scale. The business activity of Ecostore obviously asserts worldwide equity in the middle of the current ages. Hypothesis of manageability not just talks about a unimportant ideas and relationship in the middle of financial, ecological and social approach. In any case, it likewise decides an ideal parity against different contending interests, for example, financial development, which is set up in brief period, significant inquiries in regards to utilizing systems so as to determine the experienced difficulties and a definitive dynamic procedure of the higher administration (Chipps 2013). While the hypothesis of supportability manages the steady advancement of the feasible networks, which are swarmed with the significant talk of social and natural value. In any case, the acts of maintainability inside an associa tion despite everything rely on the old fashioned frameworks and strategy depends upon abuse and benefit that are covered by noteworthy coded rationale of the instrumental soundness (Johnstone and Hooper 2016). Job of hierarchical conduct: Ueda and Ueda (2012) have referenced that hierarchical conduct includes an appropriate and satisfactory understanding and vision towards the powerful answer for the few difficulties, which are experienced by the association in a specific industry. Hierarchical conduct helps the administration of an association to get proactive, adaptable so as to execute and empower the business elements of it in worldwide way. As Ecostore extends its business outside of Australia, in this way, an appropriate authoritative conduct encourages the higher administration to keep up and deal with the work power decent variety, as it has become a worldwide concern. The chiefs of Ecostore needs to manage the different issues related sexual orientation, age and race so as to practice an ideal control so as to channelize the conduct and disposition of each worker in the ideal heading. Sharma and Sharma (2013) have referenced that hierarchical conduct joins experiences into the current ability, ability and inf ormation on the representative, which the worker can use to make potential group and plan the undertaking in brief period and precise way. Earthy colored (2013) has expressed that association conduct likewise helps the bosses and quality supervisor of Ecostore to build up the profitability and nature of the offered items in this time of expanded rivalry. With powerful utilizing of hierarchical conduct, the administrators engage their workers, as the representatives are the fundamental concern and powers to actualize the change. As the conduct and demeanor of the representatives to a great extent impact the client connections and fulfillment, in this way, the administrators of Ecostore improve the whole hierarchical presentation and client administrations with appropriate joining of authoritative conduct. Lukic (2013) has referenced that hierarchical conduct includes a fundamental procedure of better administration of the business activity with steady improvement of the aptitudes and information on the representatives. Hierarchical conduct assumes an essential job in the whole administration procedure of the matter of an association. Indeed, even hierarchical conduct influences upon the individual, structures of the association and the performing group of Ecostore as it includes satisfactory and significant information so as to make this organization to work in more fitting way inside the business than previously (Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell and Zhu 2013). Ecostore has expanded the division of work and specialization so as to oversee both the inside and outer condition. Authoritative conduct likewise encourages Ecostore to conserve the fundamental exchange expenses of controlling the market and to degree power. Notwithstanding, in view of globalization, Ecostore experienced a few difficulties and settled it with legitimate ramifications of potential methodologies (Ecostore.com.au 2016). HR rehearses at the organization: (HR) practices of an association decide the size of workforce of an organization and its fundamental needs. As opined by Parsons (2013), the significant focal point of HR incorporates the division of capacity, land area and specialty unit of association. The ongoing examinations have unmistakably expressed that a potential and powerful HR of an organization can bend out most extreme portion of the organization in a specific industry (Heikkurinen and Bonnedahl 2013). In any case, here are discussions and contentions in regards to this announcement; still the effect of HR officials and their activities are verbalized with legitimate ramifications of procedures. So as to construct a principal business case, which require an unmistakable and straightforward comprehension of business work, which the HR serves and the other working associations with the current business pioneers. HR of Ecostore can assist the organization with achieving the focused on objective with legitimate contribution of the business chiefs in the whole procedure of administration and arranging. This sort of fundamental association guarantees the arrangement of the general business work and the open doors in the serious market. Goyal et al. (2013) have expressed that HR likewise assists with consolidating a complex workforce examination and determining of their essential procedure with the assortment of noteworthy business information, workforce division so as to execute a proper HR methods of reasoning inside the organization. As Ecostore gives concoction free eco-accommodating items to its clients so as to diminish and assess the crucial effect of the offered items on the wellbeing of the clients, hence, the HR division has exacting perception on the assets of crude materials to a definitive bundling of the items. Te the executives and the pioneers of Ecostore mirror their saying that their principle concern is to serve individuals with keeping up of their wellbeing (Cohen et al. 2013). Every result of Ecostore is logical confirmation and if there are any sort of issues shows up in light of the elements of certain items, at that point the supervisors and HR take successful measures to determine the issues in brief period as it might hamper the brand picture of the organization. The HR of Ecostore initiates suitable staffs for the organization, who chooses more beneficial and more secure worldwide assets to create eco-accommodating items for the clients. The skincare results of Ecostore are ideal for those , who are experiencing any sort of sensitivities and skin illnesses. The HR branch of Ecostore limits the fundamental regulatory works so as to assist them with focusing on extreme choice help, initiative improvement, official instructing procedure and workforce arranging. As indicated by Exter (2013), HR makes an association coordinated and adaptable so as to permit center versatile developments with a severe support of auxiliary model. Job of universal business at the organization Hypothesis of supreme bit of leeway includes the fundamental capacity of an individual, organization promotion nation to create a few items at modest cost per unit than the cost of different items offered by various organization. As opined by Pecoraro and Uusitalo (2014), hypothesis of total preferred position likewise manages the assurance of basic correlation of different work productivities,

Sample Essay in Gothic Poetry

Sample Essay in Gothic Poetry When referring to gothic poetry we don’t expect it to be an easy reading. As a rule gothic writings are spooky, dark and desperate. Edgar Allen Poe, whose life was full of challenges and losses, could have become a vivid character of a gothic novel himself. Perhaps, that’s why he was so good in describing those dark corners of our mind which from time to time step out to the light of our consciousness. «The Raven » is a real anthem to Poe’s writing genius of enriching simple things with deep, multidimensional symbols. In this short essay, we’ll consider three such symbols appearing in «The Raven » Lenore â€" the symbol of obsession with ideas or people we all fall victims to at some point in our lives. This person appears from the very beginning and gains more and more presence throughout the poem, but never becomes a full-fledged character. We don’t know anything about her except for the name and the fact that the narrator is obsessed with feelings and memories about her. This obsession makes us think that Lenore is someone important to him â€" probably a lover, a wife, a mother or a sister who he has lost. We would never know and, most probably, we are not supposed to. All, what the author wants us to be aware of, is the feeling of sorrow which can be so overwhelming that one can’t resist a temptation to be obsessed with it. The raven â€" incarnation of thoughts and feelings which are connected with the aforementioned obsession. Until the end of the poem, the reader can’t understand whether this raven is a real creature or just a symbol of the internal dialogue of the narrator who is apparently losing his sanity because of the Lenore. The raven is an unrelenting judge, representing the hard reality which the narrator tries to question and deny, but in vain. The raven also symbolizes those mood fluctuations which go hand in hand with the aforementioned internal dialogue. As the story develops, it constantly fluctuates between invigorating pledges and depressed notions about the frailty of life. These states of narrator’s mind are interchanging very quickly immersing readers into his mode of thinking. «Nevermore » the raven’s answer to all the pledges of the narrator. It symbolizes irreversibility of the event which happened. Regardless how hard the narrator tries to cope with the loss and comfort himself, the raven’s «nevermore » returns his mind to the state of grief and sorrow. This constant reference demonstrates that it’s in our nature to be overwhelmed with such negative, dark feelings but it depends only on us whether we’ll be able to overcome the void of «nevermore » or we’ll be enslaved by it until it will drive us insane. In his poem, Edgar Allen Poe perfectly described the cycle of feelings of a person overcoming a loss which spikes from melancholy to hope and back to frustration. «The Raven » is a first person perspective on the grief, which gives the reader a possibility to look at personal problems from the outside perspective and cope with personal issues.

When Facing Sexual Harassment At Workplaces, What Options...

When Facing Sexual Harassment At Workplaces, What Options Do Employees Have? â€Å"Woman is the companion of man, gifted with equal mental capacities. She has the right to participate in very minutest detail in the activities of man and she has an equal right of freedom and liberty with him.† - M K Gandhi, 1933 After years of being encapsulated in lifestyles and mindsets, compulsorily associating existence with men, women have now stepped forth to break the shackles of inequality and gender dominance to earn their own independent identity. It’s the era where women think themselves capable of shouldering the professional responsibility at par with men, which they are efficiently proving right. Having said so, the point to ponder upon is†¦show more content†¦State of Rajasthan and Others, delivered under the efficient aegis of Hon’ble Justice J.S. Verma. It was in this case when Supreme Court explicitly defined ‘Sexual harassment’ for the first time, as an unwelcome sexual gesture or behavior whether directly or indirectly as, sexually coloured remarks, physical contact and advances, showing pornography, a demand or request for sexual favours, and any other unwelcome physical, verbal/non-verbal conduct being sexual in nature. These guidelines covered women in governmental, private or organized sector who either drew regular salary, received an honorarium or worked voluntarily. It became incumbent on all organizations to incorporate policies to expressly prohibit sexual harassment and provide for appropriate remedies and penalties. The employment bodies had to provide congenial working environment in terms of security, leisure, health and hygiene in order to build an invulnerable working environment for men and women alike. 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Is Affirmative Action Fair - 1067 Words

According to the Negro Holocaust, The United States has a brutal history of domestic violence, especially the violence committed against Negro citizens. Negro citizens have been victimized by racism, lynching, and beatings due to their inferior status. According to â€Å"Is Affirmative Action Fair?† there have been various practices motivated by racism such as slavery, job discrimination, and segregation. These practices have left African Americans with additional â€Å"negro problems† correlating with the color of their skin. According to The skin Color Paradox and the American Racial Order, skin color is associated with an individual’s preference as well as their outcome. Although many African Americans try to overcome their struggles, according to Perceptions of and Preferences for Skin Color, Black Racial Identity, and Self- esteem Among African Americans, while many dark-complexioned African Americans view their skin color proudly, others are ambivalent and view their blackness as a â€Å"mark of oppression† (Kardiner Ovesey, 1951). This â€Å"mark of oppression† has come from the way African-Americans have been treated as a whole and throughout the various poems, we will understand exactly what it means to be an African-American. Throughout these poems, we are given the opportunity to witness the ignorance of the Black culture, the tedious roles performed by force as well as the crucial victimization and death. African American people are only visualized as a color that is aShow MoreRelatedIs Affirmative Action Fair1826 Words   |  8 PagesInformal Logic Is Affirmative Action Fair? Brian Addis August 23, 2010 Is Affirmative Action Fair? 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Affirmative action has good intentions and is very much needed in todays world however it sometimes fails doing what it was created to do. The extra points given to theRead MoreAffirmative Action : African American And Hispanic870 Words   |  4 PagesRoberto Santiago’s essay Black and Latino reveals that even though he has been generally underrepresented by his ethnicity, he has led a successful life without affirmative action. Since Santiago was both African American and Hispanic he dealt with identity issues and stereotypes throughout his adolescent life. Even though affirmative action is supposed to make attempts to improve opportunities for groups that were historically excluded it is still a form of discrimination itself. The preference of

Analysis of Pericles Speeches Free Essays

Although Thucydides provides a history of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides spends a lot of time emphasizing the government and the citizens of Athens. Thucydides also focuses on the greatness of Pericles and his honest and patriotic leadership. Does this concentration on a democracy and moderate leader reveal what Thucydides sees as a just government? Throughout the text, one can see clues that a democracy is the preferred government of Athens, and the focus on Athens as the greater, swifter and more innovative power; he contradicts them with the passive, slow and cautious Sparta. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Pericles Speeches or any similar topic only for you Order Now This text not only acts as a historical resource but also a source that provides an example for future governments on how to run a government successfully. By looking at the speeches of Pericles, the view of Thucydides comes through. It seems that Thucydides believes in a democracy and giving the common man a voice in what happens in the city. Pericles emphasizes the greatness of a democracy in his funeral oration. Through his speech Pericles emphasizes that equality to create a free and law-abiding society. I think Pericles speaks of how there is no class consideration when considering man to be able to serve the state because he wants to stress that the most honorable man is the one that serves the state, especially in a time of war. Citizens that do not participate in the duties of public matters are deemed ‘useless. ’ The funeral oration is not just an honoring of the patriotic men that died fighting for Athens but also a call to all the other sons, brothers and fellow citizens of the honorable fallen to live a life as honorable as them. A democracy is a form of government that gives all the ability to participate, and according to Pericles everyone has a responsibility to take part. Men must put aside their petty wants and look at what is best for the state as a whole. The state as a whole can bring a lot to the people but a single person acting on their own individual interests can do little for the state. Why are there so many of Pericles’ speeches in this text? Was Thucydides giving the prime example of what a leader should be? Was the emphasis on Pericles putting a characteristic of him above those of the other men and leaders throughout the war? It is clear that Thucydides found all leaders succeeding Pericles as poor leaders. In Book 2. 65, Thucydides talks of how the leaders following Pericles were striving for supremacy, and acting according to their own private ambitions and interests. By going contrary to the moderate policy Pericles emphasized, a plan including exposing themselves to no hazards and waiting quietly while keeping attentive to their marine, the war was ultimately lost by the Athenians. Were the speeches recorded to also show how powerful a leader can be? When Athens held an assembly to determine whether they would concede to the concessions of Sparta, it was the speech of Pericles that invigorated the Athenians with confidence to declare war against Sparta. When the plague hit the Athenians and they had lost momentum in the war effort and were considering sending peace envoys to Sparta, it was a speech by Pericles that was able to increase the Athenian energy to the war. A great leader has the ability to drive the weak masses to great heights when they know they are under a first-rate leader and is told of the superiority of their state; this is seen in the example of Pericles. As a reader, I feel that Athens can win the war with their advantageous sea power, lands across the sea that Sparta cannot harm. By including the speeches of Pericles in his text, Thucydides sets an example of what is a just form of government and what makes a good leader in a democracy. How to cite Analysis of Pericles Speeches, Essay examples

My Inspirational Awakening Essays - English-language Films, Cody

My Inspirational Awakening My Inspirational Awakening How do you describe one of your best friends? Do you talk about his natural talent? Do you say how great a guy he is? Or do you say how he is just a dork? Cody Werner, is someone who I can say a lot about, and still not even come close to describing him adequately. He is a renaissance man, an individual who possesses a distinct personality that sets him apart. Simply put, he is like no one else I have ever met. Cody keeps it real in the face of opposition, even when no one else is baking him up. He is someone who is consistently dedicated to what he believes. Cody's actions have proven this many times, and I've often found myself looking at them for inspiration. At school, his uniqueness is misinterpreted. His laid back attitude is misconceived as laziness. His unique opinions are sometimes thought of as insulting and taken personal; when in fact Cody only making observations. He sees the world like no else. I met Cody three years ago when I moved to Santa Rosa. Since then I have been inspired countless times to remain true to myself. At a time where so many people are narrow-minded and hypocritical, Cody has kept it real. I went to Lake Tahoe with him recently. It was around three a.m. and we were both hungry. We had just come from the casinos to search for some, real, non-over priced food. We drove around for about 15 minutes, but no places were open. Just as we had given up hope, we drove past a Denny's, not what we had in mind. Never the less we were hungry and willing to save a few dollars on bargain food. As we sat in our booth, Cody observed a young man sitting at the bar, no more than ten feet away from us. Cody observed this gentlemen as he ate his food and talked with a woman, who I'm guessing was his girlfriend. After a few minutes of watching this man, Cody really got in to it. What the f--k? Dude, that really pisses me off? look at this guy over here. He's sittin' there eating his chicken wings, when all that chick wants to do is get out this place so they can...but no he's just sitting there sucking on his ranch dressing and chicken wings. Dude! He just spilled some on his shirt. I'm gonna get up and hit him Dan! He's a fag?look at him Dan?just look it at him?it pisses me off! I know the couple at the bar heard us because an older guy at the far end of the bar was laughing through Cody's entire proclamation. He didn't do this to impress anyone or to harass the couple at the bar, he just stated how he felt. He was over dramatic in doing so, but that's the way he is. If you knew him you'd understand. Many people are afraid to open themselves up so much, especially in public. They're too afraid of what others might think. At the dark root of this problem is the what's cool concern. Who's cool? Who's lame? We're chillin' with the cool guys. This guy's the *censored*. That guy's a *censored*. Those pants are lame and those shoes are wack. With such a narrow minded view of what's cool you could be standing next to the best person in the world and not realize it, because they are not fitting the frame of what's cool now. Jesus Christ could be standing next to you, but you wouldn't think he was cool because he didn't have the right shoes on or something. Through Cody's actions I had realized that it was all up to me to follow my own path. He had shown me that trying to be cool is definitely not. I had a revelation, based on my own views. I realized that what's cool is what has been and always will be. Doing the right thing even when it's not popular or may not be in fashion. Be into life for the long run, not just for the fast kill. Try never to injure the spirit

The assessment of social mobility essays

The assessment of social mobility essays Are the 35 million Americans who fall below the poverty line there because they are lazy and have let all opportunities for social advancement pass them by? Or is there currently a social structure that successfully reproduces classes and limits upward social mobility in America? Certain institutions in American society, including education, work and occupational structure and the family help perpetuate social class stratification. These institutions widen the gap between the rich and the poor by placing inherent restrictions on opportunities for those born into different classes. Although the degree of effort put forth by each individual is critically important, their relationship to the aforementioned institutions can severely limit upward social mobility. The current educational system creates a unique contradiction. While traditionally the best way to climb the ladders of society, American schools are now reproducing social classes. Those children born into poor families and neighborhoods usually begin their school career at a steep disadvantage. Public schools that are run down and lack sufficient funding or other key resources like good teachers are endemic to these lower income areas. The idea of class reproduction, or the correspondence principle, is obviously present in education. As mentioned above, differences between schools and school districts exist. In his article on the inequalities of public education in New York, Kozol describes an elementary school in North Bronx where 63 children share an average sized classroom. The room has no windows, for the building used to be a roller-skating rink. Consisting of 90% black and Hispanics, the student body of 1,300 has only 26 computers. (Kozol, 95) On the other hand, educational standards in upper-middle class communities are far superior. Here in Grand Blanc, Michigan an average second grade class would have one teacher for under thirty students and more than one computer i...

Habits and Traits of Mites and Ticks

Habits and Traits of Mites and Ticks Not much love is lost on the mites and ticks of this world. Most people know little about them, other than the fact that some transmit diseases. The order name, Acari, derives from the Greek word Akari, meaning a small thing. They may be small, but mites and ticks have a big impact on our world. Characteristics Many mites and ticks are ectoparasites of other organisms, while some prey on other arthropods. Still, others feed on plants or decomposed organic matter like leaf litter. There are even gall-making mites. Take just a scoop of forest soil and examine it under a microscope, and you may find several hundred species of mites. Some are vectors of bacteria or other disease-causing organisms, making them a significant public health concern. Members of the order Acari are diverse, abundant, and sometimes economically important, though we know relatively little about them. Most mites and ticks have oval-shaped bodies, with two body regions (prosoma and opisthosoma) that may appear fused together. The Acari are indeed small, many measuring a mere millimeter long, even as adults. Ticks and mites go through four life cycle stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Like all arachnids, they have 8 legs at maturity, but in the larval stage, most have just 6 legs. These tiny organisms often disperse by hitching rides on other, more mobile animals, a behavior known as phoresy. Habitat and Distribution Mites and ticks live just about everywhere on Earth, in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They live virtually everywhere that other animals live, including in nests and burrows, and are abundant in soil and leaf litter. Though over 48,000 species of mites and ticks have been described, the actual number of species in the order Acari may be many times that. Well over 5,000 species inhabit the U.S. and Canada alone. Groups and Suborders The order Acari is somewhat unusual, in that it is subdivided first into groups, and then again into suborders. Group Opilioacariformes - These mites look somewhat like small harvestmen in form, with long legs and leathery bodies. They live under debris or rocks and may be predaceous or omnivorous feeders. Group Parasitiformes - These are medium to large mites that lack abdominal segmentation. They breathe by virtue of paired ventrolateral spiracles. Most members of this group are parasitic. Suborders of the Parasitiformes:Suborder HolothryinaSuborder MesostigmataSuborder Ixodida - Ticks Group Acariformes - These small mites also lack abdominal segmentation. When spiracles are present, theyre located near the mouthparts. Suborders of the Acariformes:Suborder ProstigmataSuborder AstigmataSuborder Oribatida Sources Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.NWF Field Guide to Insects and Spiders of North America, by Arthur V. EvansLatin American Insects and Entomology, by Charles Leonard HogueIntroduction to the Acari, University of California Museum of Paleontology. Accessed February 26, 2013.Arachnida: Acari, class handouts from University of Minnesota Entomology Department. Accessed online February 26, 2013.Soil Arthropods, National Resources Conservation Service. Accessed February 26, 2013.

In recent years, honeybee colonies have been experiencing Colony Essay

In recent years, honeybee colonies have been experiencing Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Given the key role of honeybees - Essay Example The honey bees that leave for the forage largely do not return back to their hives and this is especially witnessed to a large extent with migratory bees which are trucked from one country to another for pollination purposes. Scientists have begun to unravel the causes behind this phenomenon as it is a major source of income for the beekeepers and also the farmers depend on it for crop production (Johnson, 2010). In the earlier times a 10 percent loss in honey bee population in a season was considered to be normal, which then rose to 30 percent due to infection by parasitic mites and beginning from 2006 many commercial beekeepers have reported a loss of 30 to 90 percent average colony loss with the onset of CDD. Even the surviving colonies showed weak viability. Though a majority of the losses have been attributed to known causes about 25% of the loss is estimated to have occurred due to CCD. These losses of colonies occur throughout the year and are not seasonal. The major symptoms of this condition are the rapid loss of adult bee workers without any accumulation of dead bees in the hive which is an indication that these bees are not retuning back to the hive that is highly unusual in case of the bee population. These adult bees leave behind their brood which is generally inactive. In addition, there is also the presence of food stores that includes both honey and bee bread. The queen bee is generally present and actively laying eggs (Johnson, 2010; Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). In case of actively collapsing bee colonies, only an insufficient workforce of young adult bees will be present and though the queen is present the population does not show an inclination to consume food (Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). Research carried out to determine the causative factors for this condition has found out that CCD could be a syndrome which is not caused by any one particular factor but a combination of several factors (multifactorial). Some of the major possible fa ctors that threaten the bee population are viruses, parasites and microbes, pesticides, antibiotics, miticides, radiations, genetically modified crops and climatic and other environmental changes (Johnson, 2010; Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). The USDA’s Agriculture Research Service, the Pennsylvania State University and several other universities are conducting most of the current research to unravel the cause of this phenomenon (Johnson, 2010). A recent study carried out by the Washington State University has shown that CCD could be caused due to a combination of toxic chemicals and pathogens present in honeycombs as the bees present in such combs had reduced longevity (Gutierrez, 2010). Of these, chronic exposures to pesticides, miticides and antibiotics have been shown to have an impact on the immune system of the honey bees and hence on their response to infection. In addition, bees have a reduced number of genes which offer resistance to various diseases and toxins thus making the bee population more vulnerable to such problems (Colony Collapse Disorder, n.d). These toxic chemicals are believed to cause the colony to collapse either by themselves or by combining with each other, which would result in increased toxicity to the hive. In addition scientists are also studying the combinatory effects

Zara IT for Fast Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zara IT for Fast Fashion - Essay Example The case study "Zara IT for Fast Fashion" indicates that the company relies on an outdated operating system for the store terminals and lacks readily available network across all the stores. The dilemma that the management is grappling with is determining whether they should upgrade the present system and loose the reliability that characterises the current system or proceed with the current DOS-based system that is devoid of compatibility to the future improvements. The case study focuses on Zara, the largest retail chain for Inditex, Spanish retail giant, and the manner in which it has been successful due to its flexibility, excellent fashions and application of a simple business model (McAfee, Dessain and Sjoman, 2007). The head of the IT department in the company, Salgado, is grappling with a dilemma on whether to upgrade the IT capabilities and infrastructure for the retailers or retain the current system. The case study indicates that the company relies on an outdated operating system (OS) for the store terminals and lacks readily available network across all the stores. The Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) seems to be working well as no major challenges have been witnessed in the course of its long time use. One of the major concerns expressed by Salgado in the long run is that Zara Point of Sale (POS) is running on MS-DOS that is not supported by Microsoft Inc. According to Capell (2008), DOS has been replaced by Windows since 2001, the same time that Microsoft Inc stopped supporting DOS.

Criminology Essays Left Realism Critique

Criminology Essays Left Realism Critique Left Realism Critique. Left realism emerged as an influential theory during the 1980s. Its drive was partly dissatisfaction with the dominant criminological perspectives of the time and partially attributable to the prevailing political climate. This essay will outline the emergence of left realism as a means of explaining its main principles. The discussion will also engage with the criticisms of left realism and identify the criminological perspectives with which it conflicts. An understanding of left realism cannot be gained without an awareness of the prevailing intellectual, ideological and political context that surrounded its emergence. Therefore, it is important to appreciate the background from which left realism emerged. In the period immediately preceding the genesis of left realism, the most prevalent and influential criminological perspectives were based largely upon Marxist theories based upon notions of utopianism that were increasingly coming to be viewed as irrelevant in light of the political ethos of Margaret Thatchers Britain (Jones: 2001, 245). In particular, left realists were extremely critical of the way that radical criminological theories presented a characterisation of criminals as political catalysts against bourgeois hegemony and therefore to attempt to explain criminal behaviour in terms of it being a revolution against the injustices imposed upon the majority of the population by the ruling classes (Moore, 1991). Radical criminological theory saw crime as a consequence of (real or imagined) economic deprivation and under-privilege. Left realists were opposed to this view which allocated responsibility for crime to the State, which was seen as an instrument of the ruling class designed to consolidate the position of the powerful and promote the interests of the rich and powerful, rather than with the individual offender. Left realists also objected to the characterisation of the offender as the victim of the labelling process; a view which was popular with symbolic interactionists who were providing a popular alternative voice to the radical criminologists during the late 1970s and early 1980s: For over two decades [criminology] has neglected the effect of crime upon the victim and concentrated on the impact of the of the state through the process of labelling on the criminalIt became an advocate for the indefensible: the criminal became the victim, the state the solitary focus of attention, while the real victim remained off-stage (Matthews and Young, 1986: iv). The rejection by left realists of these constructions of the offender demonstrated one of their central beliefs which was that the offender should be not be absolved of responsibility for his actions and that it was not appropriate to cast blame on either the institutional or structural nature of society as was the tendency of the radical and interactionist schools of criminological thought. Rather than concur with this characterisation, left realists saw criminals as well-socialised individuals who exercised conscious and rational choice in deciding to offend and who saw crime as a way of resolving their particular problems. For left realists, the problems that offenders were trying to solve came from the capitalist ideology that was predominant in 1980s society. Left realists saw this capitalism as producing egalitarian notions such as that of political equality and the deterioration of views that each individual had an immutable place in the social hierarchy that was pre-determine d at birth. With these views came feelings of deprivation amongst those who were not possessed of material wealth but who were desirous of the benefits that were enjoyed by other members of society. Left realists felt that these individuals would see criminal enterprise as a way of rectifying this perceived inequality and securing their access to the commodities of capitalist society which they craved (Hopkins Burke, 2005: 220). In this respect, left realism could be seen as promoting a return to traditional Marxist views whereby crime was seen as an individual response (by the offender) to structural inequalities created by those in power in society which actually was a counter-active diversion away from the real problems of the causes of these inequalities that could only be solved by political change. Left realism rejected the post-Marxist radical theories that characterised crime as a revolutionary endeavour. In their seminal work, Lea and Young (1984) depicted criminal behaviour as almost an amplification of capitalist normalcy. In other words, the dominant view in the 1980s was that of capitalistic self-advancement in which individual endeavours were rewarded with material gain. Lea and Young asserted that a significant percentage of criminals shared these beliefs and replicated what had become conventional social values based upon the value of individual (and self-interested) effort in a society based upon competition and motivated by material success. However, criminals did not channel their energy into legitimate pursuits such as the endeavour for advancement in employment or entrepreneurial success, preferring instead to pursue socially acceptable goals through illegitimate avenues (criminal activity). As such, left realism viewed crime as the expression of capitalist values but though non-conventional means. In one respect, left realists agree with radical theorists in that it is common ground that crime is a reaction to an unjust society (Lea and Young, 1984: 45). However, there is also disagreement in that, unlike radical criminologists, left realists do not believe that the criminal should not be blamed for responding by engaging in offending behaviour: Crime is one form of egoistic response to deprivation. Its roots are in justice but its growth often perpetrates injustice (Lea and Young, 1984: 72) This notion of crime as the illegitimate manifestation of capitalist values is one of the central principles of left realism. However, although crime is seen as a self-interested and individual enterprise, left realists also believe that crime is a group response rather than an individual decision. They believe that crime is an inevitable consequence of a social situation in which a particular group feels that it is subject to disadvantage such as in a situation whereby there is a common ideological drive to measure success in material goods but there exist barriers to the attainment of these goals for some members of society. In such a situation, particularly if there appears to be no way of circumventing the obstacles, crime is certain to result. One of the key criticisms that has been levelled against left realist explanations of crime and criminality is that its focus on economic deprivation explains only economic crime but does nothing to account for the other manifestations of offending behaviour that are prevalent in society. Left realism is prepared to counter this criticism by drawing upon strain theory (Merton, 1968) to explain how the exclusion from legitimate economic opportunity may result in financial crime to rectify the situation or violent crime as a vent for frustration at the denial of a seemingly equitable access to benefits and resources. This actually consolidates one of the key principles of left realism in that reliance is placed upon subculture theories to support the argument of left realism that those who are excluded from the benefits of mainstream society develop their own cultures, norms and principles and operate within these. Inevitably, for those excluded from legitimate avenues of enterprise, t his involves criminal behaviour (Young, 1975). One of the central principles of left realism was a conceptualisation of crime that did not take an offender-centred view. Young proposed a square of crime in which the four key components were the offender, the victim, the agencies of formal control (such as the police) and the agencies of informal control (such as other members of society). This was an important tenet of left realism because it challenged a major paradox within radical theories; that of the powerless working-class criminal driven to offending behaviour as a result of the oppression of the privileged classes. Lea and Young examined official crime statistics and victim report surveys (such as the British Crime Survey) and concluded that although members of the working class appear to commit a disproportionate amount of crime, they often target the other members of the working class as their victims. Left realism addressed the issue of the ordinary victim of crime and thus changed the emphasis within criminological th eory and, gradually, within the practices of the criminal justice system. In particular, the square of crime ensured that crime prevention strategies were evolved which took account of the contributions of each of the four factors: To control crime from a realist perspective involves intervention at each part of the square of crime: at the level of the factors which give rise to the putative offender (such as structural unemployment), the informal system (such as lack of public mobilisation), the victim (such as inadequate target hardening) and the formal system (such as ineffective policing) (Young, 1986: 41). This emphasises one of the main principles of left realism; the belief in a joined up approach to tackling the problems of crime. However, this multi-causal approach that takes account of a variety of factors in explaining criminality could be accused of borrowing from a range of sociological explanations of crime, such as strain and control theories, and amalgamating selected aspects of these and giving them a Marxist slant. It seems reasonable to state that there is nothing particularly new in left realism; it is a pragmatic restatement of a number of established criminological principles taken from a particular ideological perspective (Downes and Rock, 2003: 292). However, left realism did become influential in raising awareness of the plight of victims of crime thus negating their invisibility and overcoming their marginalisation. Lea and Youngs studies showed that official statistics gave an incomplete picture of the extent of victimisation and therefore presented an inaccurate impression of the nature and extent of criminal activity. For Lea and Young, victim studies gave a fair more comprehensive and accurate account of victimisation, firstly because they included information about crimes which had occurred but which victims may not have reported to the police and, secondly, because they were capable of analysis on the basis of geographic location thus giving a true impression of the localised nature of much criminal behaviour. One of the other most notable contributions of left realism to criminological theory that emerged from victim surveys is the recognition of fear of crime as a significant social problem that is just as in need of re solution as actual crime . By acknowledging the existence of victims of crime, left realists gave voice to notions of pre-emptive strategies to counteract attempts at criminal behaviour: The organisation of communities in an attempt to pre-empt crime is of the utmost importance (Lea and Young, 1984: 267). This emphasis on the community and its role and importance in combating crime typifies the principles of cohesion and inclusion that characterises left realism. At its core, left realism is seeking for realistic strategies that will have a quantifiable impact upon crime (and fear of crime) within communities, especially amongst the poor and disadvantaged who are the most frequent victims of crime. This has been said to be a central component of contemporary left realism (Matthews and Young, 1992: 2). Notwithstanding this emphasis on the prevention of crime, it is a fundamental principle of left realism that the attainment of justice is more important than controlling crime. As such, the police play a key role in maintaining social control by establishing, maintaining and nurturing good community relations so as not to alienate the populace to whom they should be fully accountable (Kinsey, Lea and Young, 1986). Many of the criticisms levelled against left realists were voiced by the radical theorists of whom the left realists themselves were so critical. For example, Lea and Young criticised radical theorists for their excessive concentration of corporate crime and their marginalisation of real crime that affects ordinary people even though they accept that corporate crime is worse than working-class crime. Radical theorists counter by questioning why Lea and Young are prepared to view working-class crime as more serious merely because it is what ordinary people fear. Surely, it is argued, the actuality of crime is more potent and more serious than the fear of falling victim to a crime that may never occur. Left realists have no effective rejoinder for this criticism, other than to draw attention to the way in which fear of crime can have a real and negative impact upon ordinary members of society, by preventing them from going about their ordinary business, for example, or avoiding particu lar activities or places (Young, 1999). The multi-causal approach of left realism can also be criticised for failing to explain all forms of criminal behaviour. Feminist criminological theorists have also been critical of left realism in its tackling both of female criminal behaviour and of its failure to explain crimes that are traditionally seen as targeting women, such as rape. Just as it could be criticised for failing to provide an adequate explanation of different types of criminal behaviour, left realism can be accused of an overly one-dimensional focus on young, male, working-class criminal behaviour to the detriment of offenders from other socio-demographic backgrounds. Female criminality is largely unaddressed and, moreover, exposes a central weakness in one of the key principles of left realism; the reliance on relative deprivation as an explanation of criminal behaviour. For example, Lea and Young assert that crime results from the exclusion of a particular group from legitimate opportunities for success and material gain. In light of this, it would be expected that female criminality, which was always extremely low, would decrea se even further as women gained greater equality in the workplace as this would ensure that they were less excluded from legitimate avenues of success. However, the converse proved to be true and the greater prominence of women in the workplace was mirrored by a growth in female offending; an outcome that is directly contrary to the explanation of criminal behaviour propounded by left realists (Smart, 1989). Equally, it is difficult to see how left realism can explain sexual crimes against women unless this falls within the same category as violent crimes that are the result of frustration following a failure to achieve legitimate success. This seems an extremely tenuous argument for such complex crimes and, in any case, left realists have tended not to engage with the issue of rape to any great degree thus the explanation remains speculative (Heidensohn, 1985). Overall, it is clear that the emergence of left realism was both a product of the prevailing political climate and a strong influence on the social and political development of more cohesive approaches to crime control and prevention that drew together a range of players in the criminal justice process rather than focusing exclusively on the offender. As a theoretical perspective, it expanded the focus of criminological enquiry and moved beyond the dominant ideology of the 1970s and early 1980s. As such, its contribution to criminological debate cannot be under-estimated. However, it can be criticised as a rather narrowly-focussed theory that fails to provide an adequate explanation of the full gamut of criminal behaviour. It has, however, provided a building block upon which other theories can build a broader and more wide-ranging explanation of criminality. Bibliography Downes, P. and Rock, P., (2003) Understanding Deviance, 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press Heidensohn, F., (1985) Women and Crime, London: Routledge Hopkins Burke, R., (2005) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton: Willan Jones, S., (2001) Criminology, 2nd ed., London: Butterworths Kinsey, R., Lea, J. and Young, J., (1986) Losing the Fight Against Crime, Oxford: Blackwell Press Lea, J. and Young, J., (1984) What is to be Done About Law and Order, Harmondsworth: Penguin Press Matthews, R. and Young, J., (1992) Issues in Realist Criminology, London: Sage Publications Merton, R., (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure, New York: Free Press Moore, S., (1991) Investigating Crime and Deviance, London: Collins Educational Publishers Smart, C., (1989) Feminism and the Power of the Law, London: Routledge Young, J., Left Realism and the Priorities of Crime Control in Stenson, K. and Cowell, D., (eds.) (1999) The Politics of Crime Control, London: Sage Publishing Young, J., Ten Points of Realism in Matthews, R. and Young, J., (1986) Issues in Realist Criminology, London: Sage Publications Young, J., Working Class Criminology in Taylor, I., Walton, P. and Young, J., (eds.) (1975) Critical Criminology, London: Routledge

Feminism Ophelia Hamlet

Aphelion's struggles in the patriarchal society in which she lives and the loss of her identity as a whole, by not only her father, but other authorial males in her life. Throughout the beginning of the play, Aphelia, is used as somewhat of a pawn by all the male figures in her life, emotionally, physically, and even for sheer politics.Her lack of a mother figure and severe dependence on her father and brother, as well as other males, has literally taken away who she really is, her opportunity to make and act on her own decisions. Aphelia is treated by her father as if she is not only his daughter, but his possession. When Aphelia first speaks to her father about Hamlet, he states â€Å"l do not know, my lord, what I should think,† (1. 2). Polonium responds in an authoritative way, basically attesting himself as the decision maker. When he states â€Å"You do not understand yourself so clearly.. â€Å"(l . 3), he attacks her competence to handle herself. He goes on to say â €˜â€ ¦As it behooves my daughter and your honor†(l . 3), making it clear that it would be in her best interest to behave according to the â€Å"set† standards and how she acts and presents herself, reflects onto him as her father and as a member of the kings court. It is clear he doesn't care for Hamlet and ants his daughter to have nothing to do with him, convincing her that she is nothing to him.. But, after hearing more about Hamlet acted towards her by grabbing her and just staring into her, he takes full advantage of the situation and instructs his daughter to behave according to his best interests, to get closer to the king, Claudia.Aphelia, living in a male dominated world, has over the years, lost herself as a person, as a woman, doing things that she wouldn't normally do, such as be a part of her fathers plan to expose Hamlets reason for his â€Å"madness. † During the time when the play was written, women were marginalia, often dewed as property, even with fathers and daughters. In that society a woman would be required to be a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, and dare not stray away from those approved roles that were placed upon them. Aphelia, growing up always being the dutiful daughter, obeys her fathers wishes and follows through with the plan.The pitfalls to being a dutiful daughter, in her case, is that she lost the one man that made her happy, her lover, not only says horrid remarks to her, but breaks her down, and any little bit of â€Å"reality' she had was lost forever. The hazards of being a dutiful daughter/mother/wife, are always present. There is the immediate consequences, then there are the ones that over time, as her character â€Å"screams† out to the audience, being oneself becomes obsolete. Her brother, Alerter, who is going back to France, also â€Å"advises† his sister to keep away from Hamlet.Expressing that Hamlet being a prince, would marry for the good of the state and due to the differences in class, Hamlet would not marry Aphelia. Alerter also believes that Hamlet cares for her but â€Å"loves† her only for sexual need. â€Å"Forward, not permanent, sweet, not lasting. † (1. 3). Unfortunately, exposing another â€Å"role† a woman would face in a patriarchal society, sexual roles. He is also concerned with her good name and family reputation, possibly implying that she could get pregnant and he would leave her, thus putting herself in a â€Å"unacceptable† role of a woman; a woman with a past, forever branding her and the family name.Hamlet plays on her emotional strings. He has expressed his love for her and has given her gifts. The sudden death of his father and finding out the reasons behind his death, as well as the disgust of his mother marrying so quickly afterwards, molds Hamlet too man he has never been before; untrusting, and very paranoid about others close to him, and for very good reason. He took out his anger with hi s mother on all who loved him. His only life line was Aphelia, the only one he thought of as true, or tried to make himself believe that she was, by grabbing her and observing her closely, as if he could see right through her.After her ultimate betrayal, by setting him up and lying to him about where her father was, she, cut off his life line. By doing so, he insults her, tells her that he loved her once, and belittles her to no end, until she is ambushed by so many emotions, that she is left in total confusion and heartbreak. With her brother in France, Hamlet rejecting their relationship, Aphelia finds out ere father has been killed by Hamlet. She in a sense, is left â€Å"alone,† and cannot handle herself, without the direction of her father , brother and Hamlet.At this point its clear, Aphelia has gone totally mad, Speaking very little, and if anything it is about her deceased father in chants and song. Now with the males in her life are gone, she has served her purpose i n the story. She starts going down a downward spiral and shortly thereafter, she commits suicide, or at least it was implied that she did, by drowning. In conclusion, although a small, seemingly insignificant character, Aphelia, not only provides the reader to the philanthropic ideals and patriarchal attitudes towards women.But also serves to be somewhat like a mirror to the audience, one by one, â€Å"reflecting† the characters true self/intentions. Maybe being her ONLY purpose in the story to unveil her co-characters motive and who they really are in general. Polonium, her father, uses his daughter as some sort for property, for political gain and interest. Her brother, Alerter, again uses her for political reasons, somewhat, and to protect his name, uses her for the sake of his pride, and introduces sex, as Hamlets true goal with Aphelia.Then Hamlet himself, takes her on a reallocates of love/hate and confusion, labeling her as untrustworthy and corrupt, he destroys her em otional being, rendering her completely helpless and incompetent to handle life on her own. This view was the norm at the time, that many men saw as being true, that a woman will be nothing without a man but also fail to realize that without women men would hardly be anything as well, they need women, as shown in the play, to succeed in their own personal goals, whether financial, political or other. [1180]

Dividend Policy With Reference To British Sky Broadcasting Group Plc - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2922 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Dividends and the implication of dividend choices have been the subject of much debate, particularly in the recent economic crisis where investors and other stakeholders are becoming increasingly nervous about the financial standing of companies in which they have an interest. On a basic level, dividends also provide a regular income to investors and, as such, the choice of how much dividend to pay out is seen as a critical signal from the management team. Investors will often select certain companies, based on the possibility that they are likely to receive a regular dividend and any changes in the underlying policies can have a very detrimental impact on the perceptions of both current and prospective investors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dividend Policy With Reference To British Sky Broadcasting Group Plc" essay for you Create order Although some investors will invest in a company for capital growth, the dividend level is still seen as a strong signal; therefore, regular analysis of dividend policies and payout rates are likely to be undertaken. In this report, Sky (British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC (BSY.L)) will be looked at, in terms of the way in which it has approached dividend payout in the last five years. Theory relating to dividend policy and the approaches taken will then be considered in order to determine whether Sky has complied with general theories, or whether it has deviated from what would be expected based on theory. Empirical data is contained in the appendices. Background to Sky Before going on to consider the dividend policies and how these have been applied by Sky, it is helpful to put the matter in context and to determine the way in which the company has been performing, in recent years, so that this can be correlated with any changes in dividend policy. The company was formed in its current standing, back in 1990, when there was a merger of British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television. This was an equal merger and created the company that we see today, Sky. Prior to the merger, both companies were sustaining heavy financial losses and it was found that by undertaking the merger, it was possible to gain economies of scale. It was also possible for the two companies to draw on each others strengths, for example, British Satellite Broadcasting had a range of solid advertisers, whereas Sky Television was renowned for having a wider range of channels. By pooling these two resources, it was possible for the company to go from strength to strength and it would be expected that this will be reflected in the financial performance of the company, from this point onwards. At the point of the merger, Sam Chisholm was the Chief Executive Officer and he remained in place, until 1997. He then handed over to Mark Booth; and, in 1999, Tony Ball went on to lead Sky during the period within which Sky Television was introduced. It was during this period that the company returned to profit and subscriber members rose at a substantial rate. As is the case with many large companies, Sky was not without its difficulties within the boardroom, particularly when James Murdoch was appointed, in 2003, as there were allegations of internal dealings from the shareholders and a general feeling of discontent, during this period. These difficulties rumbled on and in 2007 Rupert Murdoch, the father of James Murdoch, stepped down from his role as non-executive chairman, but was then replaced by his son who stepped down from the position of CEO, being replaced by Jeremy Darroch. During 2010, a takeover bid was made by News Corp where it attempted to gain control of the 61% of shares that it did not own, but were owned by other shareholders. The price offered was 700 pence per share; the shareholders rejected this offer, stating that they believed an offer of in excess of 800 pence per share would be necessary to make the deal appropriately valuable for the shareholders. It should be noted that, were this takeover to continue, it would be necessary to gain permission from both the European Commission and the Office of Fair Trading, due to anti-competitive dangers of having such a large player in one industry. Over the last 10 years, the profit within Sky has gone up and down with a particularly bad period being experienced during 2000 to 2002. Sky suffered a further drop in profit, in 2008, although this was largely attributed to the general financial crisis and individual inability to pay for what was perceived to be a luxury product. These difficulties and corporate movements are likely to have a direct impact on the perceptions of investors and are therefore relevant to the way in which management boards deal with dividend payouts. Maintaining confidence in the company is critically important and when there are period of difficulties, such as those experienced in 2008, the decisions relating to issues such as dividend become even more critical for the management board, which is likely to pay particular attention to the messages that it is sending out through its dividend decisions. Based on this, when the dividend payments are being considered and the policies looked at, it is important to bear in mind that there are underlying commercial issues that could have a direct bearing on the choices being made and the impact that these choices have on the company. Sky Dividend Approach Despite the variable performance of Sky (BSkyB, 2010), it has maintained a growth policy when it comes to dividends. This is indicated by the fact that, when looking at the discussion on dividends, during the last five years reports, there is an emphasis placed on management confidence and the decision to offer strong dividends, even when the profit levels are weak. Appendix 1 contains the earnings per share calculations, as well as the dividend per share calculations. Earnings per share reflect the amount of profit that can be attributed to each share. For example, in 2010, the calculation reflected profits before tax of 878 million divided by 1743 million shares, resulting in earnings per share of 50.4 pence. This earnings per share figure is the highest seen, in the last five years, with a figure in 2006 being 30.2 pence, dropping to a negative figure in 2008, before recovering, in 2009. Despite this dramatic fluctuation in the earnings per share, the company has maintained a consistent dividend policy because it had confidence in the strength of its position in the market. This consistent growth and confidence can be seen when looking at the dividend per share which is a reflection of the amount of equity dividends paid out per share. As would be expected, this is the highest in 2010; however, even in 2008, where the profit levels were negative, the dividend per share still increased on the 2007 figure. In fact, in every year of the last five y ears, the dividend per share figure has grown from the original figure of 12.2 pence per share, in 2006 to the current 19.4 pence per share. Essentially, these dividend per share figures show that the company has smoothed the negative impact of the downturn, in 2008. Appendix 2 shows the dividend cover and dividend yield within the company, in the last five years. Dividend cover effectively shows how many times the profit could have paid the dividends actually paid. This is a measure of the companys ability to pay its dividends and is a reflection of how realistic the dividend payments are. Interestingly, the coverage rate in 2010 is very similar to that in 2006, at 2.6 times and 2.5 times, respectively. This suggests that the financial health of the company, in terms of the dividend promised, has remained relatively consistent, over the five years. However, as indicated earlier, there was a substantial drop in 2008 and this is reflected in the fact that the coverage ratio shows that the profits did not cover the dividend payments, during this period. Although it recovered slightly, in 2009, with the coverage of 1.2 times, it was not until 2010 that recovery was seen on the ratio returned to 2.6. Again, this would be expected, given the fact that the dividend payment increased year-on-year, despite a substantial dip in profits, during 2008. It has, however, shown by the confidence displayed by the management team, in 2008, that recovery was imminent and this confidence was correctly placed with those investors that have stayed with the company for the previous five year s being rewarded by a higher dividend payment and higher share prices that they can now obtain for their shares. Finally, we shall now look at the dividend yield, i.e. the return an investor obtains on the capital, which involves taking the dividend per share and dividing it by the share price. Many investors see this as the key figure as it indicates the financial return that they are receiving on each share and this can be used in comparison with alternative investment that may be available to the investor, for example bank accounts. In this case, the dividend yield has fluctuated, in the last five years, reaching a high point in 2009, before dropping in 2010. It is not entirely unexpected, given the fact that, in 2009, the share prices were reasonably low after the poor performance of 2008 and the lack of general investor confidence and desirability of the shares. Despite this low share price that was in existence, in 2009, the dividends remained relatively high and therefore the return was naturally higher. As confidence increased in the shares, the share price would naturally rise, as there was a greater demand for shares in Sky and this will have the impact of reducing the dividend yield, as the dividends do not increase at the same rate. It should be noted, however, that the dividend yield is based on the share price in that given year and it is possible that investors who had purchased the shares, at an earlier date, when the prices were either higher or lower will find that there individual return is diffe rent. This supports the notion that those investors that have stayed with the company for the difficult period of 2008 and 2009 or alternatively those that chose to purchase shares during the troubled period will be gaining an increasing dividend yield, now the company is recovering. The approach taken by Sky will be considered in the context of wider dividend policy theories, in the following section. Dividend Policy Underlying Theories Given the importance of dividends to the investors in the companies, it is unsurprising that there is a range of different theories underlying the ways in which companies deal with the dividend policy. From the previous analysis, it can be seen that Sky has opted to maintain a policy of dividend growth, regardless of underlying profit levels, in order to maintain confidence in the company and, in this case, confidence has been well-placed due to the fact that there was a substantial recovery, in 2010, despite the weak performance, in 2008. However, alternative theories exist that could have been used in order to determine the appropriate dividend policy for Sky, during the previous five-year period. One theory which is often subscribed to is that of the residual policy. In accordance with this theory, a company will only pay dividends when it has residual earnings in place, for example, where it has taken advantage of all possible internal investment approaches. The argument in favour of this type of approach is that the shareholders will feel that the company is undertaking all possible action, in order to promote its long-term growth. By paying dividends when the company simply does not have the residual earnings to do so, there is an argument that the company is not putting itself in a good position for long-term growth. A secondary benefit from following this type of approach is that it refocuses the management team on ensuring that investment is undertaken and dividend policy becomes almost secondary. Furthermore, it reduces the chances of having to raise further equity by issuing new shares because any investment has been funded from the internal earnings; this can also ha ve a benefit to shareholders, as their own shareholding will not be diluted. This is not an approach that has been taken by Sky as, had it followed this type of approach, no dividend would have been paid, in 2008. Instead, the company prioritised a dividend growth theory and did not make investments a priority (Gordon, 1963). Another theory which has been developed by Modigliani and Miller (MM), back in the 1960s, is that which argued that dividend policy was irrelevant when all factors were pulled together (Baker, 2009). They argued that the way in which a firm divides its earnings pot between paying out to shareholders and retaining the funds, internally is, in essence, irrelevant in the long term. When developing the theory, MM relied on a range of assumptions including the notion that the way in which the company invests in growth is independent of its dividend decisions, and also that the company operates within a perfect capital market. For example, there are no transaction costs and no taxes and all investors have exactly the same information, at the same time. In theory, they argue that investors will act in a way that produces the correct level of dividend by either buying or selling shares, depending on how the company is performing. For example, if the company is not producing the level of divi dend that an investor requires, then it will simply purchase more shares to get more dividends and vice versa. This suggests that the dividend policy of Skys management team would be largely irrelevant, as investors would simply shift, in order to obtain the returns that suit their own needs. John Lintner (1962) also developed a dividend theory, namely the bird in the hand theory. The theory suggested that investors generally prefer to receive regular dividend payments, rather than reinvesting capital growth, in the future. This suggests that investors, on the whole, are risk-averse and prefer to receive dividend, in the current year, rather than potential growth in 5 to 10 years time. To a certain extent, Sky has followed this approach, because it recognises that providing a return to investors, on a year by year basis, is seen as preferable to promising long-term investment. Clearly, however, this type of theory will vary, depending on the needs of the individual investor. Some investors will be investing in shares with the view to long-term growth and therefore are less likely to pay attention to the dividend returns, on a year by year basis, (Frankfurter and Wood, 2002). Finally, and arguably the most influential theory, when it comes to the approach taken by Sky is that of the dividend signalling theory. It is argued that, contrary to the dividend irrelevant theory, the dividend value actually does have a dramatic impact on the share price, due to the fact that the choice of dividend policy gives a signalling effect as to how well the management team thinks the company will perform, in the future (Brittain, 1966). A change in the dividend payment, either upwards or downwards, has been argued to offer a signal to shareholders and investors, in terms of what the likely future earnings will be. For example, if the management team is positive about the future of the company as a whole and that they may maintain a high dividend. When dividend payment is reduced, this can often negative signal to the market and is therefore something that a company will often avoid, even where profit levels are low, as was seen in the case of Sky, in 2008. Summary and Conclusion By analysing the background commercial position of Sky, in the last five years, its financial performance in relation to dividends and also wider dividend policy theories, it is clear to see that Sky is following a dividend signalling approach, as well as the dividend growth theory, by increasing its dividend, year-on-year, regardless of the underlying position of the company. There are several concerns associated with this approach. Firstly, where dividends are being paid out at a high level in years where the income is simply not there to sustain this level, it is possible that the company is missing out on investment opportunities and therefore long-term growth may not be as rapid as it could be. Clearly, this depends on the underlying ethos of the company and whether or not investment is essential to sustain growth or whether it prefers to follow the bird in hand theory, which suggests that shareholders prefer to have immediate returns. Furthermore, paying out high levels of divi dend, even when there is no profit at all, is only sustainable for a certain period of time. Whilst, in this case, Sky returned to profit rapidly in 2009 and 2010 and therefore paying dividends in 2008 did not produce long-term financial difficulties for the company, had this not occurred, it is possible that the company would, ultimately, have suffered and run out of money to pay dividends. This may have required it to take out additional long-term loans, or to issue equity, which would eventually have had the impact of increasing costs and making the position within the company even more difficult to return to profit. In this case, however, the management team at Sky correctly assessed that the company was in a strong position and likely to grow, in the coming years and signalled as much to the shareholders through maintaining a high level of dividend. This, in turn, meant that the share prices increased and this has been reflected in the dividend yield dropping slightly, in 2010. Overall, Sky has followed a growth and signalling theory, which has resulted in positive trends of the company, but nonetheless, caution should be used when applying this type of approach, as it relies on recovery, in order to be sustainable.